Resurfacing free essay sample

As my eyes flashed open, I quietly swore I could never enter the water after today. The splendid, brilliant daylight poured down, making glittering shines on the wonderful turquoise ocean. I scanned for an indication of wellbeing while above water on my profound indigo internal, my eyes found a sandy shore apparently miles away. The seconds ticked by and the plush ocean kept on floating me away from the sea shore. It appeared just as the ocean was requesting a decision: remain on the security of the buoy and keep on wandering from the shore, or bounce and endeavor to advance back. The delicate waves heartily welcomed me in, wheedling me to continue to land. I jumped. The apparently agreeable sea promptly turned misleading as it inundated me for a couple of seconds before I reemerged. With waves toppling over my head tirelessly, I dove to the sea floor by and by. I whirled among the downpours of the flows, using my negligible swimming aptitudes to get my head over the water. We will compose a custom exposition test on Reemerging or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Plunging towards the shore, each stroke in turn, I had the option to arrive at my sandy haven. For half a month following the occasion, I maintained a strategic distance from the sea shore and some other group of. However, at that point I started to think; consider the possibility that I had not hopped off that coast. Imagine a scenario in which I had floated along with the sea, briefly above water however unavoidable to coast farther to the ocean and suffocate. I at that point understood that to escape my dread of the sea would be the equivalent easy way out; the float out to the ocean, and I wouldn't permit myself to do this. That jump spared my life, in more than one way. By surfacing from my close suffocating experience, I understood to really live I need to battle against my feelings of trepidation through taking risks. At the point when a test introduces itself, I realize that I won't let myself be brought into the clearly simple method of taking care of it since as a general rule, along these lines is the hardest to recoup from out of all. Declining to permit myself to suffocate in my own feelings of trepidation, I came back to the sea shore. I felt on edge about how my experience with the water would end; I edged towards it and avoided the frothy line. While breathing in the salty air, I walked two stages in. Lower leg profound was a long way from adequate for me; I shut my eyes and swam out to my midriff. The delicate breeze played with my hair and turned over my skin. There was no dread, just fervor. â€Å"Never again,† I quietly swore. â€Å"Never again would I let dread immerse my life, not when I have the readiness to jump and information that I will consistently have the option to resurface.† And keeping in mind that the contention â€Å"you must look before you leap† holds water, I realize you should likewise be eager to jump to get to where you need to go. For school, I am more than ready to take that jump of destiny. I realize that in school, I will have chances to bounce into my classes, clubs, and new encounters which may be important when I work to get skilled at each. I am eager to challenge myself so I can learn as much as possible without letting anything keep me down, regardless of whether it is rushes of work smashing down on me, since I know I’ll have the option to restore a considerably more grounded, progressively learned individual.

Free Essays on The Massacre Of The Innocents

â€Å"The Massacre of the Innocents†, an oil on canvas painting by Pacecco de Rosa during the 1600s, portrays a scene from the Bible where we see the second when officers were conveyed by King Herod to kill each kid in the area to end the gossipy tidbits about a kid forecasted to manage the realm. The infant whom he was searching for was as a matter of fact Jesus Christ. What's more, upon cautious perception, one can see that among the entirety of the bedlam happening in this work of art, there is one mother and kid who don't appear to be alarmed like the others, so one may presume this is Mary and her child, Jesus. Notwithstanding, this couple is really Mary’s cousin, Elizabeth, and her child, John the Baptist. Their quality in the artistic creation is significant, on the grounds that they are the two fundamental subjects, yet, unexpectedly, they, from the start, are the least perceptible. Their shading is the least powerful contrasted with different figures, and they are found more remote back in space than a large portion of the figures too. One may state they are the quiet in the focal point of the tempest, since we see that neither of them is being assaulted, nor do they appear to be frightened or worried in at any rate. This is because of the way that de Rosa needed to be consistent with the story, which expressed that Elizabeth and John the Baptist were spared from this slaughter. The work of art is around six feet tall by ten feet wide. In view of this, we see that each figure is about existence size, if not marginally bigger. De Rosa painted with oils on canvas, utilizing each medium furthering its best potential benefit. For example, we see his brush strokes are fluctuated starting with one region of the canvas then onto the next. In certain spots, he utilizes extraordinary detail with each stroke appearing to be exceptionally exact and determined, similar to the minuscule tear drops tumbling from the women’s faces, or the moment hairs on the men’s arms; be that as it may, in different territories, his strokes are all the more free and gesturer with huge, substantial brush strokes. This procedure was utilized in portraying things like the folds in ... Free Essays on The Massacre Of The Innocents Free Essays on The Massacre Of The Innocents â€Å"The Massacre of the Innocents†, an oil on canvas painting by Pacecco de Rosa during the 1600s, portrays a scene from the Bible where we see the second when fighters were conveyed by King Herod to kill each youngster in the area to end the gossipy tidbits about a kid forecasted to lead the realm. The child whom he was searching for was in all honesty Jesus Christ. What's more, upon cautious perception, one can see that among the entirety of the bedlam happening in this artistic creation, there is one mother and kid who don't appear to be startled like the others, so one may reason this is Mary and her child, Jesus. Be that as it may, this couple is really Mary’s cousin, Elizabeth, and her child, John the Baptist. Their quality in the work of art is significant, in light of the fact that they are the two principle subjects, yet, incidentally, they, from the outset, are the least perceptible. Their shading is the least powerful contrasted with different figures, and they are found more remote back in space than the greater part of the figures too. One may state they are the quiet in the focal point of the tempest, since we see that neither of them is being assaulted, nor do they appear to be frightened or worried in at any rate. This is because of the way that de Rosa needed to be consistent with the story, which expressed that Elizabeth and John the Baptist were spared from this slaughter. The artwork is roughly six feet tall by ten feet wide. In view of this, we see that each figure is about existence size, if not marginally bigger. De Rosa painted with oils on canvas, utilizing each medium to further its best potential benefit. For example, we see his brush strokes are changed starting with one region of the canvas then onto the next. In certain spots, he utilizes extraordinary detail with each stroke appearing to be extremely exact and determined, similar to the little tear drops tumbling from the women’s faces, or the moment hairs on the men’s arms; nonetheless, in different regions, his strokes are all the more free and gesturer with enormous, overwhelming brush strokes. This method was utilized in portraying things like the folds in ...

Are You Drowning in Water Bill Expenditures

Are You Drowning in Water Bill Expenditures Are You Drowning in Water Bill Expenditures? Are You Drowning in Water Bill Expenditures?Water bills are on the rise. Heres how you can cut your consumption and, in turn, your utility costs.Since last year, the average water bill has increased by 3.6% in 50 cities, according to a 2019 study by Bluefield Research, making it the eighth straight year of increases. And since 2012, water bills have increased by 31%, which has outstripped inflation as well as the pace of increases for groceries and gas.With the cost of water bills on the rise, the average U.S. household can expect to pay $104 a month for water and sewer bills this year. That amount of money can be challenging for households that are struggling to pay the bills. In fact, according to a PEW research study, most people â€" nearly 70 percent â€" who take out payday loans do so to pay for ordinary recurring monthly expenses, such as utilities like water.Conserving water is always good for the environment, but with these stats in mind, it’s also clear that it’s good fo r your pocketbook. Let’s take a look at a few ways to kill two birds with one stone.Cut down on lawn maintenanceAccording to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), lawn irrigation makes up almost one-third of all residential water use, which works out to 9 billion gallons a day. What’s more, the EPA estimates 50% of water used outdoors is wasted due to bad water systems and  watering practices. Here are some tips for cutting down on outdoor water waste:Reconsider your foliage. Consider replacing the standard green grass that likely covers your lawn with native plants. According to the U.S. Forest Service, native plants not only use less water than traditional lawns (because they have already adapted to the climate in which you live), they require less or no fertilizers and pesticides, reduce air pollution, and provide a home and food for native insects and wildlife. In some areas, the root systems of native plants can actually strengthen the structure of the soil and in crease its ability to store water, which reduces rain run off. They usually require little to no maintenance, too.Cut down on lawn watering. The EPA says if families followed its WaterSense guidelines when it comes to watering their lawns, they could each save an estimated 9,000 gallons a year.And while it costs money and time to take steps â€" such as reworking your irrigation system or landscaping with native plants â€" to cut down on water, simply letting your lawn wither is a legitimate option that costs nothing. If your neighbors raise a fuss, you can tell them that you’d rather not contribute to the 4.5 billion gallons of water that we waste on lawns every day.Look for local incentives. If you live in an area that is affected by drought, there may even be an incentive program to help you switch out your lawn for more sustainable options. Right now in Southern California, the Metropolitan Water District is offering a rebate program that pays $2 for every square foot of remove d lawn.Conserve water in the bathroomShowers, sinks, toilets. The bathroom is an easy place to target for increasing water efficiency and savings. However, it may require some personal adjustments.Mind your own habits. One of the easiest (and free) ways to save money on your water bill is to challenge yourself to take shorter showers. According to the Regional Water Providers Consortium (RWPC), every minute you shave off in the shower can save up to 2.5 gallons of water. Throughout the course of a month, that 1 minute per day calculates to about 75 gallons a month. For a family of four, that’s 300 gallons.While you’re at it, don’t let the water run continuously while you brush your teeth. Everyone’s favorite purple dinosaur was on to something, because according to The Water Project, you can reduce your teeth-brushing water usage by 80% if you just turn the tap on in short bursts.Install a high-efficiency showerhead. These cost about $10 to $20 at your local hardware store, and can save an additional 1 gallon of water per minute. The RWPC recommends testing whether or not you could benefit from a high-efficiency showerhead by placing a bucket in the shower. Turn the shower on and time how many seconds it takes for the water to hit the 1 gallon mark. If it takes less than 20 seconds, you could benefit from a high-efficiency showerhead.Upgrade your loo. If you are looking for a longer-term solution, consider switching out your toilet for one that is WaterSense certified. According to the EPA, these toilets can save up to 13,000 gallons of water per year â€" or about $130 a year on your water bill. You can find basic WaterSense models for less than $100, so in theory, it would take less than a year to make back the cost in savings.Reduce water use in the kitchenThe kitchen is another place in your home that is rife with opportunities to waste water and unnecessarily inflate your water bill:Fully fill the dishwasher. If you have a dishwasher, start by neve r running it unless it’s full. If you think about it, the dishwasher uses the same amount of water whether it is full or not, and the RWPC estimates that just one less-than-full load wastes 8 to 10 gallons of water. The EPA says  only running the dishwasher when it’s full means one less run every week, which saves the average family about 320 gallons annually.Skip the rinse. The RWPC also recommend scraping your dishes, rather than rinsing them before putting them in the dishwasher. They estimate this can save you up to 20 gallons of water. Most modern dishwashers and detergents are designed to clean your dishes properly so you don’t have to rinse them before being washed. If you do need to rinse the dishes because they sat out too long, use the rinse feature on your dishwasher, which will use much less water than your rising by hand.Reconsider hand-washing if you have the choice. Many people think that hand-washing dishes uses less water than the dishwasher, but it actually o nly takes about 4 minutes of running water from the tap to equal the amount of water used in a conventional dishwasher; it would be less if you have an energy-efficient one.If you do have to hand-wash, fill your sink with soapy water, and only use the faucet again to rinse the soap from dishes. You save about 2.5 gallons of water for every minute your kitchen faucet does not run, the RWPC says.Monitor for leaks and fix them immediatelyThe EPA estimates that 1 trillion gallons of water are wasted each year in U.S. homes due to leaks, and the average household leaks 10,000 gallons each year (or enough to do 300 loads of laundry). This calculates to about 10% of your water bill, so catching and fixing leaks can be a serious money saver.The EPA’s WaterSense program has created a 10-minute checklist for finding leaks in your home, which includes monitoring your water bill and meter in addition to testing your toilets, showers, taps, and more for leaks. There are a couple big red flags when it comes to water leaks:For example, if you check your water bill and notice that your family of four is using more than 12,000 gallons (16 CCF) per month in the winter, chances are you have a leak somewhere. Likewise, if you monitor your water meter for a two-hour period when no one is using water in your home, and it does not read exactly the same at the end, then you likely have a leak. The EPA recommends reading these tips for monitoring both your water bill and your water meter.How it all adds upMany Americans take water use for granted because it can seem relatively inexpensive. But if pricing trends continue their upward climb, water won’t be this cheap for long, and besides, there is no reason to pay for unnecessary water usage.To prove this point, take a look at Circle of Blue’s graph of average monthly water costs for U.S. families. In 2018 a four-person family using 150 gallons of water per person per day paid an average of $112.04 a month. If that family reduced its water usage by 100 gallons per person per day, the bill was only $35.49 â€" a savings of more than $76 a month or $918 per year. That may seem like a lot of water to cut, but the savings that come with minor lifestyle changes can really add up.

Are You Drowning in Water Bill Expenditures

Are You Drowning in Water Bill Expenditures Are You Drowning in Water Bill Expenditures? Are You Drowning in Water Bill Expenditures?Water bills are on the rise. Heres how you can cut your consumption and, in turn, your utility costs.Since last year, the average water bill has increased by 3.6% in 50 cities, according to a 2019 study by Bluefield Research, making it the eighth straight year of increases. And since 2012, water bills have increased by 31%, which has outstripped inflation as well as the pace of increases for groceries and gas.With the cost of water bills on the rise, the average U.S. household can expect to pay $104 a month for water and sewer bills this year. That amount of money can be challenging for households that are struggling to pay the bills. In fact, according to a PEW research study, most people â€" nearly 70 percent â€" who take out payday loans do so to pay for ordinary recurring monthly expenses, such as utilities like water.Conserving water is always good for the environment, but with these stats in mind, it’s also clear that it’s good fo r your pocketbook. Let’s take a look at a few ways to kill two birds with one stone.Cut down on lawn maintenanceAccording to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), lawn irrigation makes up almost one-third of all residential water use, which works out to 9 billion gallons a day. What’s more, the EPA estimates 50% of water used outdoors is wasted due to bad water systems and  watering practices. Here are some tips for cutting down on outdoor water waste:Reconsider your foliage. Consider replacing the standard green grass that likely covers your lawn with native plants. According to the U.S. Forest Service, native plants not only use less water than traditional lawns (because they have already adapted to the climate in which you live), they require less or no fertilizers and pesticides, reduce air pollution, and provide a home and food for native insects and wildlife. In some areas, the root systems of native plants can actually strengthen the structure of the soil and in crease its ability to store water, which reduces rain run off. They usually require little to no maintenance, too.Cut down on lawn watering. The EPA says if families followed its WaterSense guidelines when it comes to watering their lawns, they could each save an estimated 9,000 gallons a year.And while it costs money and time to take steps â€" such as reworking your irrigation system or landscaping with native plants â€" to cut down on water, simply letting your lawn wither is a legitimate option that costs nothing. If your neighbors raise a fuss, you can tell them that you’d rather not contribute to the 4.5 billion gallons of water that we waste on lawns every day.Look for local incentives. If you live in an area that is affected by drought, there may even be an incentive program to help you switch out your lawn for more sustainable options. Right now in Southern California, the Metropolitan Water District is offering a rebate program that pays $2 for every square foot of remove d lawn.Conserve water in the bathroomShowers, sinks, toilets. The bathroom is an easy place to target for increasing water efficiency and savings. However, it may require some personal adjustments.Mind your own habits. One of the easiest (and free) ways to save money on your water bill is to challenge yourself to take shorter showers. According to the Regional Water Providers Consortium (RWPC), every minute you shave off in the shower can save up to 2.5 gallons of water. Throughout the course of a month, that 1 minute per day calculates to about 75 gallons a month. For a family of four, that’s 300 gallons.While you’re at it, don’t let the water run continuously while you brush your teeth. Everyone’s favorite purple dinosaur was on to something, because according to The Water Project, you can reduce your teeth-brushing water usage by 80% if you just turn the tap on in short bursts.Install a high-efficiency showerhead. These cost about $10 to $20 at your local hardware store, and can save an additional 1 gallon of water per minute. The RWPC recommends testing whether or not you could benefit from a high-efficiency showerhead by placing a bucket in the shower. Turn the shower on and time how many seconds it takes for the water to hit the 1 gallon mark. If it takes less than 20 seconds, you could benefit from a high-efficiency showerhead.Upgrade your loo. If you are looking for a longer-term solution, consider switching out your toilet for one that is WaterSense certified. According to the EPA, these toilets can save up to 13,000 gallons of water per year â€" or about $130 a year on your water bill. You can find basic WaterSense models for less than $100, so in theory, it would take less than a year to make back the cost in savings.Reduce water use in the kitchenThe kitchen is another place in your home that is rife with opportunities to waste water and unnecessarily inflate your water bill:Fully fill the dishwasher. If you have a dishwasher, start by neve r running it unless it’s full. If you think about it, the dishwasher uses the same amount of water whether it is full or not, and the RWPC estimates that just one less-than-full load wastes 8 to 10 gallons of water. The EPA says  only running the dishwasher when it’s full means one less run every week, which saves the average family about 320 gallons annually.Skip the rinse. The RWPC also recommend scraping your dishes, rather than rinsing them before putting them in the dishwasher. They estimate this can save you up to 20 gallons of water. Most modern dishwashers and detergents are designed to clean your dishes properly so you don’t have to rinse them before being washed. If you do need to rinse the dishes because they sat out too long, use the rinse feature on your dishwasher, which will use much less water than your rising by hand.Reconsider hand-washing if you have the choice. Many people think that hand-washing dishes uses less water than the dishwasher, but it actually o nly takes about 4 minutes of running water from the tap to equal the amount of water used in a conventional dishwasher; it would be less if you have an energy-efficient one.If you do have to hand-wash, fill your sink with soapy water, and only use the faucet again to rinse the soap from dishes. You save about 2.5 gallons of water for every minute your kitchen faucet does not run, the RWPC says.Monitor for leaks and fix them immediatelyThe EPA estimates that 1 trillion gallons of water are wasted each year in U.S. homes due to leaks, and the average household leaks 10,000 gallons each year (or enough to do 300 loads of laundry). This calculates to about 10% of your water bill, so catching and fixing leaks can be a serious money saver.The EPA’s WaterSense program has created a 10-minute checklist for finding leaks in your home, which includes monitoring your water bill and meter in addition to testing your toilets, showers, taps, and more for leaks. There are a couple big red flags when it comes to water leaks:For example, if you check your water bill and notice that your family of four is using more than 12,000 gallons (16 CCF) per month in the winter, chances are you have a leak somewhere. Likewise, if you monitor your water meter for a two-hour period when no one is using water in your home, and it does not read exactly the same at the end, then you likely have a leak. The EPA recommends reading these tips for monitoring both your water bill and your water meter.How it all adds upMany Americans take water use for granted because it can seem relatively inexpensive. But if pricing trends continue their upward climb, water won’t be this cheap for long, and besides, there is no reason to pay for unnecessary water usage.To prove this point, take a look at Circle of Blue’s graph of average monthly water costs for U.S. families. In 2018 a four-person family using 150 gallons of water per person per day paid an average of $112.04 a month. If that family reduced its water usage by 100 gallons per person per day, the bill was only $35.49 â€" a savings of more than $76 a month or $918 per year. That may seem like a lot of water to cut, but the savings that come with minor lifestyle changes can really add up.

The Battle at Issus

Alexander the Great fought the Battle at Issus soon after the Battle at the Granicus. Like his father Philip, the glory-seeking Alexander aimed to conquer the Persian Empire. Although greatly outnumbered, Alexander was a better tactician. The battle was bloody, Alexander suffered a thigh wound, and the Pinarus River was said to have run red with blood. Despite the injury and the steep cost in human lives, Alexander won the Battle at Issus. Alexanders Opponents After the recent Battle at the Granicus, Memnon was given command of all Persian forces in Asia Minor. Had the Persians followed his advice at Granicus, they might have won and stopped Alexander in time. In Upset at Issus (Military History Magazine), Harry J. Maihafer says Memnon was not only astute militarily, but doled out bribes. A Greek, Memnon almost persuaded Sparta to back him. As Greeks, the Spartans should have been expected to support Alexander, but not all Greeks preferred rule by Alexander to rule by the king of Persia. Macedonia was still Greeces conqueror. Because of mixed Greek sympathies, Alexander hesitated to continue his eastward expansion, but then he sliced the Gordian Knot and took the omen as urging him on.​ The Persian King Believing he was on the right track, Alexander pressed on his Persian campaign. A problem emerged, Alexander learned he had come to the attention of the Persian king. King Darius III was at Babylon, moving towards Alexander, from his capital at Susa, and gathering troops en route. Alexander, on the other hand, was losing them: he may have had as few as 30,000 men. Alexanders Illness Alexander became seriously ill at Tarsus, a city in Cilicia that would later become the capital of that Roman province. While recovering, Alexander sent Parmenio to capture the harbor town of Issus and watch for Darius approach into Cilicia with his perhaps 100,000 men. [Ancient sources say the Persian army had much more.] Faulty Intelligence When Alexander recovered sufficiently, he rode to Issus, deposited the sick and wounded, and traveled on. Meanwhile, Darius troops gathered in the plains east of the Amanus Mountains. Alexander led some of his troops to the Syrian Gates, where he expected Darius to pass, but his intelligence was flawed: Darius marched across another pass, to Issus. There the Persians mutilated and captured the debilitated people Alexander had left behind. Worse, Alexander was cut off from most of his troops. Darius crossed the mountain range by what are called the Amanic Gates, and advancing towards Issus, came without being noticed to the rear of Alexander. Having reached Issus, he captured as many of the Macedonians as had been left behind there on account of illness. These he cruelly mutilated and slew. Next day he proceeded to the river Pinarus.—Arrian Major Battles of Alexanders Asian Campaigns Battle Prep Alexander quickly led the men who had traveled with him back to the main body of the Macedonians and sent out scouting horsemen to learn exactly what Darius was up to. At the reunion, Alexander rallied his troops and prepared for battle the following morning. Alexander went to a mountaintop to offer sacrifices to the presiding gods, according to Curtius Rufus. Darius enormous army was on the other side of the Pinarus River, stretching from the Mediterranean Sea to foothills in an area too narrow to give an advantage to his numbers: [A]nd that the deity was acting the part of general on their behalf better than himself, by putting it into the mind of Darius to move his forces from the spacious plain and shut them up in a narrow place, where there was suffficient room for themselves to deepen their phalanx by marching from front to rear, but where their vast multitude would be useless to the enemy in the battle.—Arrian Major Battles of Alexanders Asian Campaigns The Fighting Parmenio was in charge of the those of Alexanders troops deployed to the seaside of the battle line. He was enjoined not to let the Persians get around them, but to bend back, if necessary, and stick to the sea. First, upon the right wing near the mountain he placed his infantry guard and the shield-bearers, under the command of Nicanor, son of Parmenio; next to these the regiment of Coenus, and close to them that of Perdiccas. These troops were posted as far as the middle of the heavy-armed infantry to one beginning from the right. On the left wing first stood the regiment of Amyntas, then that of Ptolemy, and close to this that of Meleager. The infantry on the left had been placed under the command of Craterus; but Parmenio held the chief direction of the whole left wing. This general had been ordered not to abandon the sea, so that they might not be surrounded by the foreigners, who were likely to outflank them on all sides by their superior numbers.—Arrian Major Battles of Alexanders Asian Campaigns Alexander stretched his troops parallel to the Persian forces: Fortune was not kinder to Alexander in the choice of the ground, than he was careful to improve it to his advantage. For being much inferior in numbers, so far from allowing himself to be outflanked, he stretched his right wing much further out than the left wing of his enemies, and fighting there himself in the very foremost ranks, put the barbarians to flight.Plutarch, Life of Alexander Alexanders Companion Cavalry headed across the river where they faced the Greek mercenary forces, veterans and some of the best of the Persian army. The mercenaries saw an opening in Alexanders line and rushed in. Alexander moved to gain the Persians flank. This meant the mercenaries needed to fight in two places at once, which they couldnt do, and so the battle tide soon turned. When Alexander spotted the royal chariot, his men raced towards it. The Persian king fled, followed by others. The Macedonians tried but were unable to overtake the Persian king. The Aftermath At Issus, Alexanders men rewarded themselves richly with Persian loot. Darius women at Issus were frightened. At best they could expect to become the concubine of a high-status Greek. Alexander reassured them. He told them not only was Darius still alive, but they would be kept safe and honored. Alexander kept his word and has been honored for this treatment of the women in Darius family. Sources Upset at Issus, by Harry J. Maihafer. Military History Magazine Oct. 2000.Jona Lendering - Alexander the Great: Battle at the IssusAlexanders Sacrifice dis praesidibus loci before the Battle of Issus, by J. D. Bing. Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 111, (1991), pp. 161-165. The Generalship of Alexander, by A. R. Burn. Greece Rome (Oct. 1965), pp. 140-154.

The Tempest, a Brave New World; or just a sad goodbye Essay

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Through the years there has been much debate as to whether Shakespeare’s The Tempest is an Allegory to European colonization and colonial life, or if it is his â€Å"farewell to the stage† with a complete overview of the stage and a compilation of all of his characters into a few, in which the playwright himself being presented as Prospero. Is The Tempest an allegory to European colonization, or is it Shakespeare, presenting his formal farewell to the stage? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many believe that Shakespeare, personified his character into Prospero, because Prospero ultimately created the entire plot of the play with his magic, which he obtained shortly after being marooned on the island. Because The†¦show more content†¦After all, if every play were written in the magical world of The Tempest, Hamlet would have been reunited with Ophelia, and King Hamlet would have risen from the dead in order to forgive his murder and restore his kingdom (Johnston 6), or Lady Macbeth would have finally washed that â€Å"damned spot† out of her hand, with out going crazy, and Duncan would have forgiven Macbeth before he obtained his extreme pessimistic view of life in general, provided that Macbeth surrender his kingdom back to Duncan. It is a world without real tragedy, only staged tragedy, and it is the world in which Shakespeare is possibly trying to imply that the playwright lives, because his magic, like Prospero’s is onl y good in his world, or in his case, the stage. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One of the main indicators that perhaps this was his final farewell to the stage is Prospero’s epilogue to the play. In it he states that in order to rejoin life outside his isolated island where anything is possible, he must â€Å"drown his book† or give up his magic. This is very significant because to many readers it symbolizes Shakespeare â€Å"drowning his book† or preparing to re-enter society without the imagination with which he created plays. Prospero tells the audience that he is a slave to his own magic, and that in order for him to be set free, they must applaud him, so he can leave. ThisShow MoreRelatedModern English Macbeth21221 Words   |  85 Pagesdesire to pass into unconsciousness. It was clear that he had something important to tell the King. ‘What bloody man is this?’ said Duncan. ‘I can see he s just come from the battlefield so he ll be able to give us the latest news.’ ‘Ah!’ exclaimed Malcolm. ‘This is the sergeant who struggled so valiantly to save me from captivity. Hello, brave friend. Tell the King how things stand.’ The man winced. His breathing was laboured but his eyes shone. ‘It was on a knife-edge,’ he said. ‘The armiesRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pageslanguage. Secondly, since the preparation of the ms. there have been two major published dictionaries of Igbo, by Echeruo (1998) and Igwe (1999) as well as innumerable publications marking advances in the understanding of the grammar of Igbo, which any new publication must take into account. In addition, the English itself has an archaic feel to it and I have sometimes updated rather antiquated expressions. For the present I have left in example sentences referring to long-disappeared stores, such as

The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne - 1471 Words

The Scarlet Letter â€Å"A† In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, the â€Å"A† is much more than a tattered patch of crimson with loose gold stitchery. As the years pass, the Puritanical society associates Hester Prynne’s identity with the embattled patch from an â€Å"adulteress,† to a woman who’s â€Å"able,† and finally, into an â€Å"angel.† Hester is a fallen woman in the beginning as she is publically shamed and shunned, causing her to suffer greatly. She internally struggles to comprehend the letter’s symbolic meaning only to come out as a stronger woman in the end. â€Å"Symbols are a means of complex communication that often can have multiple levels of meaning.†(Womack, P125) Hester gains a unique understanding of humanity and the struggles of other†¦show more content†¦Hester does not try to hide The Scarlet Letter but instead, she wears it as a badge of honor. She does not associate with other women at the time who wou ld be ashamed of it. Hester struggled with the meaning of the letter yet somehow the pressures of society to return to sin. â€Å"From the intense consciousness of being the object of severe and universal observation, the wearer of the scarlet letter was at length relieved, by discerning on the outskirts of the crowd a figure which irresistibly took possession of her thoughts. â€Å"(Hawthorne, P483) Four years have gone by, and Hester s position in the community has changed. The colony eventually replaced their judgements of her shame with courage, and her life has been wholesome since Pearl s birth. While Dimmesdale s sermons have become more compassionate and admired because of his suffering, Hester s position has risen because of her charity. Her scarlet â€Å"A† now could represent Able, but it has come with a price; no friends, no passion, no love or affection. Hester s role amongst the Puritan community has changed considerably due toShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1242 Words   |  5 PagesLYS PAUL Modern Literature Ms. Gordon The Scarlet Letter The scarlet letter is book written by Nathaniel Hawthorne who is known as one the most studied writers because of his use of allegory and symbolism. He was born on July 4, 1804 in the family of Nathaniel, his father, and Elizabeth Clark Hathorne his mother. Nathaniel added â€Å"W† to his name to distance himself from the side of the family. His father Nathaniel, was a sea captain, and died in 1808 with a yellow fever while at sea. That was aRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne960 Words   |  4 Pages3H 13 August 2014 The novel, The Scarlet Letter, was written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne and was published in 1850 (1). It is a story about the Puritan settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, set around 1650 (2). The story is written in the third person with the narrator being the author. The common thread that runs through this novel is Hawthorne’s apparent understanding of the beliefs and culture of the Puritans in America at that time. But Hawthorne is writing about events in a societyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne919 Words   |  4 Pagessymbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†. Symbolism is when an object is used in place of a different object. Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most symbolic writers in all of American history. In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the letter â€Å"A† is used to symbolize a variety of different concepts. The three major symbolistic ideas that the letter â€Å"A† represents in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† are; shame, guilt, and ability. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the firstRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630’s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritan’s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues among us. The time frame of the puritans resulted in Hawthorne eventually thinkingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne999 Words   |  4 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne is the author of the prodigious book entitled The Scarlet Letter. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne commits adultery with Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. Her husband, Roger Chillingworth, soon finds out about the incident after it becomes clear that she is pregnant. The whole town finds out and Hester is tried and punished. Meanwhile, Roger Chillingworth goes out then on a mission to get revenge by becoming a doctor and misprescribing Dimmesdale. He does this to torture DimmesdaleRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthat human nature knows right from wrong, but is naturally evil and that no man is entirely â€Å"good†. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of the classic novel The Scarlet Letter, believes that every man is innately good and Hawthorne shows that everyone has a natural good side by Hester’s complex character, Chillingworth’s actions and Dimmesdale’s selfless personality. At the beginning of the Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne is labeled as the â€Å"bad guy†. The townspeople demand the other adulterer’s name, butRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1517 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne composes Pearl as a powerful character even though she is not the main one. Her actions not only represent what she is as a person, but what other characters are and what their actions are. Hawthorne makes Pearl the character that helps readers understand what the other characters are. She fits perfectly into every scene she is mentioned in because of the way her identity and personality is. Pearl grows throughout the book, which in the end, help the readers better understandRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1488 Words   |  6 Pages In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, the main character, Hester Prynne, is a true contemporary of the modern era, being cast into 17th century Puritan Boston, Massachusetts. The Scarlet Letter is a revolutionary novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne examining the ugliness, complexity, and strength of the human spirit and character that shares new ideas about independence and the struggles women faced in 17th century America. Throughout the novel, Hester’s refusal to remove the scarlet letterRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1319 Words   |  6 PagesPrynne and Arthur Dimmesdale are subject to this very notion in Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter. Hester simply accepted that what she had done was wrong, whereas Dimmesdale, being a man of high regard, did not want to accept the reality of what he did. Similar to Hester and Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth allows his emotions to influence his life; however, his influence came as the result of hi s anger. Throughout the book, Hawthorne documents how Dimmesdale and Hester s different ways of dealingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1714 Words   |  7 PagesSome two hundred years following the course of events in the infamous and rigid Puritan Massachusetts Colony in the 1600s, Nathaniel Hawthorne, descendant of a Puritan magistrate, in the 19th century, published The Scarlet Letter. Wherein such work, Hawthorne offered a social critique against 17th Massachusetts through the use of complex and dynamic characters and literary Romanticism to shed light on said society’s inherent contradiction to natural order and natural law. In his conclusive statements

Title of the Paper (2574 words) Essay Example For Students

Title of the Paper (2574 words) Essay Title of the Paper (The Art of Teaching Book Report) Submitted By (Kadeejah Johnson, ) Number and Name of Course (Managing the Diverse Classroom EDUC 311) Class Meeting Time/Day (M/W/F: 11:00 A.M. 11:50 A.M.) Professor (Dr.Barrie Ciliberti) Semester (Fall 2016) Todays Date (Monday October 17, 2016) Bowie State University Department of Education Bowie, MarylandThe Art of TeachingGilbert HighetReport I Summary of the bookIn the novel, The Art of Teaching, Gilbert Highet takes the importance of knowing how and when to be a good teacher. He lists that there are many other professions in the world, however the most important and rewarding profession is teaching. He talks about how the teacher has a particular job and that the only time that a teacher gets is over the summer if he or she did not enroll in summer courses. There are other forms of educating different students and a way to teach them the subject that the teacher is more keen to teaching. The teachers second reward as descr ibed in the book as the teacher using his mind on valuable subjects regarding Literature, Social studies, mathematics and the arts. The teacher is the most important character and most valuable player in the classroom. There are qualities of a teacher that are good and allows for there to be a difference in who the teacher is and what the teacher teaches. Highet discusses how teaching is inseparable from learning, which enlists that there is a good teacher that makes an effort to learn more about what he teaches. The teacher is supposed to believe in the value and be interested in the subject that he or she teaches. Highet also suggest that the only reason for learning, and it is so that boys read and want to learn something worthwhile. The teacher has been said as the problem solver, the one who continuously finds pupils and educate them based on the sole fact that they are the future, and are required to learn all that is granted to them as individuals. This is where he begins to mention that young people cannot chose their teachers, until they reach university age and sometimes not even then. A wise teacher will keep his pupils from feeling he is playing a trade rather than being able to somehow carry over such knowledge to his pupils. A teacher must not just like the young because they are young. Which is why it is important to realize he must also enjoy working in groups and students working in groups, which Highet found the most universal factor of teaching is that the teacher must enjoy the conditions of teaching and to find the energy in their students. Highet found that if a teacher prefers working in a lab or reading in a library they will never be a good teacher. He also goes into the fact there being behavioral issues in school the teacher must act as the leader of a group, and feel the same flow of energy as the students based on not being tired while hes teaching. He then goes into explaining the time period during the sixties where heroine was a big part of the failing school system. Fights would break out and much of it was because of the lack of good teachers. Highet had hoped that students would take the teacher and hid or her personality and make a deal of learning from them. It has been said that the teacher must know his pupils and must know their names, habits and the way that they learn. He found that it was important for students to make the teacher feel more obligated to learning. Highet also insinuates that in order to influence them in any way they must be convinced that the teacher knows them. The art of teaching , like the art of healing consist in recognizing the combination of types. The best way to know a pupil is to divide each student into a type, which inevitably leaves both the student and the teacher in sync with each other. The teacher is the most significant role in the school, amongst the staff members and the students the most important is the teacher. Which Highet found as the most emancipating thing and that is that teachers are the ones who starve the talent that is in pupils. Teachers tend to overshadow such talent by not recognizing it. Teachers in schools and colleges must see more, think more as well as understand more than the average man and woman of the society in which they live. The teacher must not forget that there is a void in the educational level of higher education and that there is also a new form of education based on both the student and the teachers effort in learning. It has always been in the best interest of the teacher that the student succeeds and is a ble to master certain subject areas. Highet found that both the student and the teacher must come to an understanding, and that is that there is a better life outside of school, but also that there is potential. The book was intended for people that aspire to be teachers or those who had already entered the profession. The good teacher will be the one who is vitally in abstracting the talent from the student so that he or she is given the opportunity to grow from both the knowledge and the respect of knowing that someone cared enough about them to focus on their development. The teacher has the most difficult job, Highet warns, but he also adds that it takes someone dedicated, honest and open about the opportunity to do something that will go to later generations. Highet opens up about his experiences as to why such students and teachers build strong relationships with their students, outside of school and instruction. Highet found that the teacher closest to him helped him grow on the basis he found talent, and that was in his ability to write. The art if being a teacher is that they are encouraged to continuously learn and to become more aware of his or her students. Highet encouraged throughout the book the most important obligations to teaching and what it meant to be aware of all the students needs. Although it had been said that Highet found school boring and unenthusiastic, which he stated was because of the teacher. Based on Gilbert Highets motivation in writing a book on what it means to be a teacher and how to be a teacher, it has been proven that it takes the student and the teachers cooperation in assisting the needs of both the student and administration. Highet indicated that the relationship between a pupil and a teacher should be everlasting, and always growing so that the student never stops learning. Paleontology (9th-10th Grade Paper) EssayIn order to understand what Highet meant when he said that, I believe that teaching is an art not a science. This is indicating that there are strategic and goal abiding characteristic that a teacher must have, and that is to ensure that each child receives the same form of education as those who are African American and Hispanic. He mentions that these to minority groups are amongst the most difficult to educate when there is a situation in the urban cities. This comes as a surprise because it was believed that education was granted to everyone, no matter of race, gender or the quality of the education they gained previous. Highet admits that during the eighties education was looked at as a joke, however many started to realize how important it was to receive an education. Teaching to me, is not an art it the only way of survival, what can society do if you are educated? It slows down the stereotype that African Americans and other minority groups are uneducated and have a difficult time learning and going to school amongst other groups. There will always be this burning question as to what makes Gilbert Highets, The Art of Teaching the guide to someone who is entering the field of education or a refresher to those teachers who are still educating under the institution. Highets contribution to the theory of what teaching really means and what it is to those teachers who want to branch out to another profession. I will say that I am not convinced, and solemnly believe that teaching is a privilege and that only those who wish to learn something new every day, and those who read for enrichment, as well as believe in the education of the youth should be teachers. Art is a form of expression, and those who express the desire of teaching should not read this book. The chance of feeling discouraged, and unconvinced that Highet proves why teaching is an art, will only leave confusion and rebuttals. Teaching is an obligation, and is rewarding through seeing each child succeed and pursue the institution of higher learning, and investing in their education. There are often times teachers are misled as the problem solver, and the begin all to end all in situations concerning the youth. However, Highet suggest that such factors are important and they allow everyone to be on the same page. This book is difficult to read if there is no interest in education or being a teacher. Highet allows the reader to interpret what he means and ay what volume he needs to reach his goal, and that is to encourage one to read or to put the book down and run to educate. The ultimate goal of any educator is to allow his or her pupils to be themselves and to express sole interest in education. Not at all does this book make readers want to take it home and read it on their own time, yet had it been an assigned read, much of the content would be interpreted as an aggressive take on what a teacher is, and what a teacher does in his or her own leisure. The most difficult thing I found about this book is that there is no clear thes is as to what a teacher is, or the art in teaching. At some point I found myself wanting to turn to the end to find if it was mentioned at the end of the book. If you are only interested in band wagons and believe that no real learning has taken place before your appearance on the scene, this book will be a disappointment. Highet takes an analytical and historical approach to the greatest of teachers and their methods. In doing so, he provides one of the finest examinations of the methodology of the Classic Greek School. Highet encourages a love for learning, a love for children and a passion for sharing only the finest with our students. My guess is that he would have been opposed to dumbing down on many counts, but primarily because of the lack of respect it shows for the potential of the student. Although the book seems a little old fashion, one could consider reading this again in the near future.

Stern Mba Essays - Management Education, , Term Papers

Stern Mba I like options, I like security, and I like power. With these wants, I knew at a very early age that I would enter business and thus I attended a college that specializes in the subject. In my first position out of school, I was hired by Dunhill Equities as a cold-caller. After several weeks of being hung up on by angry prospects, I decided that this career path would not lead me to success. I then moved within the firm to a position as sales assistant. While this was by no means my dream job, I learned a tremendous amount about business, and I gained useful exposure to the world of finance. Unfortunately, the company hit a period of instability, and after ten months I transferred with my boss to Coleman & Company. Thirteen months later, that company also began to fail, and I began to search for another path to advancement. With two strikes against me, I hit a home run and was hired by Sanford Bernstein into a challenging job with limitless opportunity for growth. After almost three years at Bernstein, I am once again seeking career advancement. My education and work experience have provided me with an excellent introduction to business, and they have sparked my interest in finance. Taking into consideration my foundation and my interests, graduate business school is the next logical step. At this point in my life, I consider a Stern MBA to be necessary since I need to gain a broader understanding of finance and to sharpen my analytical skills in order to be successful in corporate finance. Stern' s MBA program will allow me to concentrate in finance, strengthen my global business perspective, and provide me with the opportunity to study with and learn from people with varied backgrounds. The school' s location in the financial capital of the world and in one of the most diverse cities in the world also suits me perfectly. Aside from advancing my career, I would also like to develop personally. In college I did not join many clubs or organizations, and I did no t participate in sports. Instead, I spent all my time studying, working, or dealing with family issues. Having been away from home and living in New York City for four years, I feel the need to make a name for myself and to develop a meaningful social life. I want to take advantage of the many benefits that extracurricular activities offer, and I want to be involved in the Stern community. Upon graduation from the Stern School, I will seek a position as an associate within the corporate finance department of a large, Wall Street, investment-banking firm. In three to five years, once I have become adept in financial analyses, drafting prospectuses, preparing business presentations and other financial advisory work, I will move into a senior associate position. Here I will develop my abilities to anticipate client needs and to engineer solutions that address these needs. In approximately 10 years, I will have the experience necessary to take on upper-level management responsibilities.

Refer To The Artcle merchants Shred Costs Of Plastic Enclosed Article

Refer To The Artcle merchants Shred Costs Of Plastic Enclosed Article Refer To The Artcle merchants Shred Costs Of Plastic Enclosed – Article Example Merchants shred costs of plastic† Interchange fees are those bank charges for the processing of transactions using debit and credit cards which are deducted from the payments to the merchant in the sale side of the transaction. A simplified depiction of the interchange transaction mechanics is shown in the diagram below. There is sufficient justification for the charging of fees in terms of services extended by these banks, in terms of the processing of transaction information for the merchant, and the setting up of the necessary systems in terms of hardware, people, and applications to support these processes (Pacheco this allows consumers to hold credit cards with no added cost to them, and stave off intentions to dispose of them entirely. Another would be to set up a facility with a lower capitalization, since issuers with assets below $10 billion are exempted from the interchange reduction scheme (Grover, 2010). Finally, another market strategy would be to collaborate with merchants to create card products that allow for delayed or instalment payments as well as rebates and rewards systems for cardholders to be persuaded to transact because they acquire added value from their card transactions.Bibliography:Grover, E. (2010) â€Å"Interchange Plan Is Anti-Competitive.† American Banker, 5/18/2010, 175(76):8Hayashi, F. & Weiner, S. E. (2006) â€Å"Interchange Fees in Australia, the UK, and the United States: Matching Theory and Practice.†. Economic Review (01612387), 3rd Quarter, 91(3):75-112Lyon, J.M. (2006) â€Å"The Interchange Fee Debate: Issues and Economics.† The Region, June. The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.Pacheco, B. & Sullivan, R. (2006) â€Å"Interchange Fees in Credit and Debit Card Markets: What Role for Public Authorities?† Economic Review (01612387), 1st Quarter, 91(1):87-113

Choosing the Right Coach for Your Employees Article

Choosing the Right Coach for Your Employees - Article Example The importance of hiring the right coach and the available options has been extensively addressed by Leslie Allan in his book, From Training to Enhanced Workplace Performance. Allan points out that the coach plays a major role in determining whether your coaching program will be a failure or a success. He or she may be someone with a prior working relationship with your organization's employees and may be hired from within or outside the organization. A manager is one of the internal coach options suggested by Allan. By manager, he is referring to anyone in a leadership position within the organization such as the supervisor or team leader; someone who the employee's report to directly or who is higher up the managerial ladder. Those higher up bring in some degree of objectivity and are best suited for leadership, professional and interpersonal skills coaching. Managers are a good choice if the training involves technical aspects that they are conversant with. It will also serve to make managers more productive and to strengthen the manager-employee working relationship. You can also choose a trainer especially if the coaching program is related to a running training course. Through a trainer, the employees will be able to apply the skills acquired in the training course on the job. The trainer possesses the required knowledge and is familiar with the learning styles of each employee. Subject matter experts also make good coaches as they possess the relevant expertise in a particular area and can pass this on to employees. In all choices, you should ensure that the coach has the necessary coaching skills and the time (Allan, 2008) Allan also offers suggestions on who to hire outside the organization. These include external consultants who are skilled in coaching and who bring in objectivity due to their unfamiliarity with the organization. Peers can also be hired and these are people working in the same level as the employees being coached. This is somewhat unconventional but can be made to work by encouraging employees to share their work experiences and learn from them. You do not have to work with a single option only and can organize for multiple coaching interactions which will cater to the learning styles of each employee. The quality of the coach's skills is crucial and should not be overlooked. The coaching schedule should also be made available to participants and a system of monitoring and evaluation set up to monitor the program's success (Allan, 2008). Choosing the right coach for your employees is not an easy task. You have to ensure that he or she is the best possible candidate for the job and will bring out the best in your employees. Allan's book offers great insight into the hiring of coaches and is a great read for employers seeking to create a good coaching environment for their employees. His proposition to hire managers from within the organization as coaches is especially valuable since they are the best placed to ensure the success of the program. This is because they are in constant contact with the employees and therefore understand his or her background, including strengths and weaknesses very well. Being managers, they should possess at least the technical skills for the job that they will pass on to the employees through training. Most employees look up to their managers for direction and if coached by them, are likely to put more effort to appear productive and increase their

Full price activity changes with hourly wage rate and the different Assignment

Full price activity changes with hourly wage rate and the different between income and substitution effects - Assignment Example The income constraint requires that the net household income should equal expenses on market items, where p is the price of household output, w is the hourly income, r is the price of variable inputs, and s is the price of market items. This furthermore will tell us about the bargaining power in household production unit. Thus: P ( YÂ ­C ) – w Tw – rV = sM We obtain full income constraint by such an expression after a little change: wT = Æ ©Ni=l FCi Where FCi= total cost of a good and FCi = pxi + wti where p= price index of xi, w= wage rate, xi= summed inputs in production and consumption of an item, while t is time spent working. In the same context, individuals will always minimize the total cost of consuming a commodity. This way we can understand the decline in fertility with increased income as well as why many people ignore coupons in grocery firms. We are also able to understand the cause of decrease expenditure on children as they become endowed. (Tran 2005). The fig.1 and 2. Show graphical examples of how the above theory can be represented. The sketch 2. Illustrates a substitution effect concerning wage rate. A rise in wage rate results in increased relative price of time and also the households substitute purchased items for time in the making and usage of a given level of each item.

Stages of intervention in social work

Stages of intervention in social work CASE WORK ASSIGNMENT: CASE STUDY INTRODUCTION: â€Å"Social casework is a method of helping people individually through a one-to-one relationship. It is used by professionally-trained social workers in social work agencies or organizations to help people with their problems of social functioning. Problems of social functioning refer to situations concerned with social roles and their performance. (Mathew 1991)†. INTRODUCTION OF AGENCY: Vinimay trust is situated in Koperkharaine, navi-mumbai (Maharastra State). Established in 1981 and registered in 1989. It is a social work organization [NGO] working for under-privileged children and youth staying in, and emerging out of, child welfare institutions. It is an organisation which run and managed by volunteers. Today it has more than 250 volunteers. It is working for children and youth welfare. It has a 3 storey building in Koperkharaine name Tarun Sadan, where the boys stays It is primarily working for child welfare and youth welfare.in child welfare it arranged the many activity, like birthday celebration, organising games games and picnic and various event in different child welfare homes that comes under the child welfare department in Mumbai, beside this it does youth welfare activity as rehabilitation of the boys through a facility of lodging, saving and various programme, which helps them to fit themselves in the larger society. The boys here come from various ch ild welfare institution with various background they need various support through the government, through the society and Vinimay trust is just an experiment of that. It is fair to say that the flaws in the child welfare institution, leads to the creation of these type of institution. There are not so many after care institution in Mumbai and in these type of scenario, Vinimay trust took a step forward toward a just society. There are capacity for 52 boys in the Vinimay Trust who stay there for three years from the date of admission and this process is going on since its establishment Though these boys have no identity and address proof or other documents which are very critical for living today and in the lack of these basic documents, they have to face several hurdle in the life So the boys who come here must have to open their bank account, Aadhar card, pan card, voter card within six month from the date of admission here. Though Vinimay trust do these work and for that the local government body play a pivotal role in the process. CASE STUDY: I have selected the case of Gajanand for the assignment. Though he was new to Tarun Sadan. Usually boys there played cricket, watching TV in group. Prima facia he was also in the group but never talk much to anyone. Within three month he ran away four times four times from the Tarun Sadan. Though his background, that were written in the file of Tarun Sadan and that information itself come from previous institution says that he has experience of running away from home and from some institution. He is employed but he didn’t go to job regularly and he left the job thrice. GENERAL INFORMATION: NAME- Gajanand ( name has been changed for the purpose of confidentiality ) SEX- Male AGE- 18 EDUCATION QUALIFICATION- 6th RELIGION- Hindu Name of the child welfare institution David Sussane Industrial School Family information- no family information Date of admission in Tarun Sadan- 5/04/2013 Mother’s name- no information Father’s name- no information Skill 6 month fitter course from Maharastra State Board of Vocational Examination in June with First class. Harmful habit- Tobacco Job detail Current employment- Tayyar Ho. K, Juinagar Position- housekeeper Monthly salary-8500 Earlier Employment Detail- Anand Hotel, Koperkharaine Life history He was living with his family but he didn’t know about them. He ran from his home with his friend but he missed his friend somewhere in the train. His native place is Islapur, Nanaded. He think his family is living in his native place. He went to Pune once to meet his uncle but he took him at Sarva Seva Sangh 0rg. He also ran away from this organization. WORKING WITH INDIVIDUAL- STAGE INVOLVED: There are seven stage are involved while doing casework with individual. These stage are as follows:- Engagement Assessment Planning Implementation Evaluation Termination and Follow-up TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES: Listening Observation Interview Home visits Relationship TECHNIQUES: Acceptance Assurance Facilitating Expression of feelings Encouragement and Reassurance Being with the client Emotional support In my field work there are very large scope of doing the casework study because its work for institutionalised people. First stage is Engagement in which there is a systematic study of client, his/her situation related to his or her problem. In this process, I collect information like what is the problem with the client and what can be the associated problem can be arise with the problem. Though the first step is the most difficult step for any individual. How to interact, how to build rapport with them, how to make him free to speak up. When I first met with my client, it was confusing moment for me. As I tried to talk to him, when I says hey bhai, idhar aao, he looked at me and ran away from there and all the boys who were playing cricket there, laugh at me. After that whenever I tried to talk with him, he didn’t respond me appropriately as if he was fearing from me. He never looked at me properly but when I went to nearby park with some other boys of Tarun Sadan, I took him also and that trip was the ice-breaking between us. During the process of engagement I used several tools and techniq ue on various occasion. The basic tenant for any social worker is acceptance and listen to them, what they are saying. In this stage I used listening, interview and observation by using almost all the technique. Earlier the client was not talking to me but through these techniques, it create an environment there where he feel comfortable and then my interview take place. Though it was not a onetime interview, it was an ongoing process. There I observe some behaviour in the client and that is Being introvert Shy Not speaking to most of the boys Not doing the job properly Some little Memory of his family Strong determination to go to his family Individually tried to trace his family Bad memory of child welfare institution Not good perception on women But he was very humble when he became familiar with me He didn’t complain too much about anybody No girlfriend and not focused on that Says he will marry as their parents wish In second stage, it includes assessment, which aimed at finding answers to three major questions: what is the problem? How it has arisen? What can be done to solve it? The need of social assessment is that of making a conceptual picture of the problem, which will help in deciding the action plan. It is the need to understand the structure of the personality and factors influencing and obstructing personality development. In this stage I figured out various incidents impacted his believe system and a strong attachment to his memory of his family. He ran away from his home, from Pune and from Tarun Sadan. The factor leading to leave his home was just a flow with his friend but after that he realised that what he is missing and that familiar care and support, that attachment to his family. Though the time he left his home he was 8 years of the age and he has little memory of his home. Only he know is his village and some memory of the station where he catches the train from his home. B ut one thing is clear is that due to his inner urge to go to his family leads to various other situation where he is not loving his job, running away from Tarun Sadan and being shy is a product of that. Though he stays with three room mate who has family in his village and other has sister, so this repeated expression of the attachment to the family of his roommates also forced him to think about his family. Through during almost every process I used all the techniques that written above and regarding tools except home visit I used all. So the major problem I found in his situation is that Familiar memory Psychological support Lack of confidence Not believing on others Fear of unknown Hesitating to talk with other Third stage is planning in which worker should make the plan for proceeding the case that how they proceed and how they start. So, my planning was Counselling support Tracing his family Create an environment where he feels comfortable and doesn’t hesitate to talking with others More engage in jobs and recreation activity Try to search a better livelihood option for him Though in my case assessment, planning and implementation overlap many a times. In some cases what I understood about my clients some aspect of his behaviour earlier was changed after some incidence. I am just giving an example of him is that when I first though that it’s his laziness that why he is not wanting to go to job but with rigorous engagement and analysis of the situation it came that it was his obsession for his family that captured his mind so much that he doesn’t think beyond it. So earlier what I planned changed as I came up through new aspects. Fourth stage is Implementation or intervention in which there are the helping activities for the client known as intervention. This step has to blend with the plan of action following social assessment. There are many ways through client can be helped like assistance in terms of emotional and concrete support, material things like money, articles, medicines etc. non-material resources like information and knowledge, by bringing change in human and physical environment and through counselling to facilitate change in the feeling, thinking, knowing, speaking and doing behaviour of the client. In this stage I implements all the plan that I took, as tracing the family, counselling supports, better livelihood options etc. though in the Tarun Sadan there is facility of Counselling by a NGOs Disha Kendra. But he didn’t go to that session regularly and also he speak not too much there. In nutshell according to him â€Å"ye sab chutiappahai†. I took several session with group and individual on self-assessment and motivation. Whenever I interacted with him I tried to give some input of thinking in him and make him aware of many reality. I tried to trace his family, I discussed with my field work superintendent on this issue, how to trace his home though he has experience of tracing many boy’s family there. Still I didn’t able to trace his family, though several fact which are needed to correlate and understand the real fact is really a hard and time consuming job. Once again I blame the time but I know blame is not outside its inside me. Regarding the livelihood option I went through several processes of finding the jobs and contacting many agencies that provide job. Still I am in the process of implementation. Fifth stage is Evaluation in which we look at the result that we can achieve our goal or not? Till this stage I couldn’t reach. The implementation part was so long and the time that I spend on the case work was not too much for me to finish this case work. Though I used to evaluate myself on the fact that either I achieved the task that I took. Though in my case I evaluate my own approach and where I am going every day whenever I interacted with my clients. Though final evaluation didn’t taken place. DILEMMAS: As a social work student who has to discuss things about my client to supervisor had dilemma regarding the how can I ensure the confidentiality. RESISTENCE: There were lots of resistance which was actually improved through communication, rapport-building home-visits. Transference and counter transference was not observed.

Further option for chinas farmland reform(chinese translation included) :: essays research papers

Options for Further Reform in China's Farmland System from "Report of a pilot study on poverty, land abandonment and rural institutions", produced by the Department of International Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, in collaboration with the FAO Rural Development Division THE FUNDAMENTAL ISSUE in the setup of China's existing rural farmland system centres on ambiguity in the definition of land ownership rights. Despite stipulations in the Constitution and Land Management Law, specifying that rural land is owned by the collective, it is nevertheless unclear which of the "three levels of ownership'' in the collective -- People's Communes, production brigades and production groups - is referred to. Furthermore, even if it had designated the ownership to a certain level in the collective, the problem would again emerge from the lack of a clear scope of the collective and its membership. Added to this ambiguity in the ownership of land is the incompleteness of the principal land property right, as the State has the authority to dispose of the land, while the farmer occupies the rental income, resulting in a drain on land revenue and difficulties in land circulation. Ãâ€"à Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ºÃƒ Ãƒâ€" ´Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©ÃƒÅ'à ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃ‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ½Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€"à Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¼Ãƒ ¼ÃƒÅ½ÃƒÅ ÃƒÅ'à ¢Ãƒâ€ÃƒÅ¡Ãƒâ€œÃƒÅ¡Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¨Ãƒâ€™Ãƒ ¥Ãƒâ€°Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ²Ã‚ »ÃƒÆ'à ·ÃƒË†Ã‚ ·[Ä £Ãƒâ‚¬Ãƒ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€°] ¡Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ"à ÃƒÅ" ·Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹ÃƒÅ"Àà ­Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒÅ'à µÃ‚ ¿Ãƒ ®Ãƒâ€" ¸ÃƒÆ'à ·Ãƒ Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬ÃƒË†Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¸ÃƒË†Ãƒ ½Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¶Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ²Ãƒ £Ã‚ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ °ÃƒË†Ãƒâ€¹ÃƒÆ'à ±Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ «Ãƒâ€°Ãƒ §Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€°Ãƒ ºÃ‚ ²Ãƒ ºÃ‚ ´Ãƒ ³Ã‚ ¶Ãƒâ€œÃ‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€°Ãƒ ºÃ‚ ²Ãƒ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¶Ãƒâ€œÃ‚ ¡Ã‚ ±Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€" ¸Ã‚ ²Ã‚ ¢Ã‚ ²Ã‚ »ÃƒÆ'à ·ÃƒÅ½Ãƒ ºÃ‚ ¡Ã‚ £Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ Ãƒ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ´ÃƒÅ Ã‚ ¹Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¼Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¨Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ £Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ±Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€" ¸Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ µÃ‚ ½Ãƒ Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¶ÃƒÅ'Ø ¶Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ²Ãƒ £Ã‚ ´ÃƒÅ½  µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¼Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€œÃƒâ€°Ãƒâ€œÃƒÅ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ³Ãƒâ€°Ãƒâ€Ã‚ ±ÃƒË†Ã‚ ±Ãƒâ€°Ãƒâ„¢ÃƒÆ'à ·ÃƒË†Ã‚ ·Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ·Ã‚ ¶ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ §Ã‚ ½Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½ÃƒÅ ÃƒÅ'à ¢Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€¡Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¶Ãƒ Ãƒâ€" ¡Ã‚ £Ãƒâ€Ã‚ ­Ãƒâ€Ãƒ ²Ãƒâ€°Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ²Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ãƒ ªÃƒâ€¢Ãƒ »Ãƒ Ãƒâ€Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ ²Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€œÃƒâ€¡Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒâ€¢Ãƒ ¢Ãƒâ€"Ãâ€" ²Ã‚ »ÃƒÆ'à ·ÃƒË†Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ãƒâ€Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ±ÃƒË†ÃƒË†Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ºÃ‚ ¼Ãƒâ€™Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨Ãƒâ€" ªÃƒË†ÃƒÆ'à Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ µÃ‚ «ÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€¡Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©ÃƒÆ'à ±Ãƒâ€¢Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ã‚ »Ã‚ £Ã‚ ©Ãƒâ€"à ¢Ãƒâ€œÃƒÆ' µÃƒâ€žÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€¢ÃƒË†Ãƒ «Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ µÃ‚ ¼Ãƒâ€"Âà Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃƒâ€¹Ã‚ °ÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€¢Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃƒ Ãƒ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ‚¬Ã‚ §Ãƒâ€žÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ £ Therefore, it is necessary to review the whole process of changes in the farmland system and find the correct point of departure for reform. In fact, such issues as egalitarian occupation of land, scattered land management, instability in farmland contracts and lack of circulation or efficiency have all resulted from an ambiguous land ownership. Once the land owner is clearly defined and the principal property rights affirmed, then, the farmland's management, sale, leasing (including farmers' contracting of collective land and re-contracting of their contracted land), inheriting and disposal as gift -- all these and other matters of management and circulation would be easily resolved. Ã’Ã ²Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€¹Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ »ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒâ€¢Ãƒ »Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¶Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©ÃƒÅ'à ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃ‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ±Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ' ºÃƒ Ãƒâ€¢Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ µÃ‚ ½Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¶Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ¸Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ€¢Ãƒ ½ÃƒË†Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¶Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¢Ã‚ µÃƒ £ÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€¡Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ" ±ÃƒËœÃƒâ€™Ã‚ ªÃ‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¡Ã‚ £ÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€šÃƒÅ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€°Ãƒ Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¢Ãƒ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ©ÃƒÅ½ÃƒÅ ÃƒÅ'à ¢Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ±ÃƒË†ÃƒË†Ãƒ §Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¹Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€"Ã…Ã ¤Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€"É ¢Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹ÃƒÅ"Àà ­Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ²Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ Ãƒâ€Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒ Ãƒ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒâ€™Ãƒâ€Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ §Ãƒâ€žÃƒÅ" µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ²Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€"à £Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€¡Ãƒâ€œÃƒâ€°Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¶Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ £Ã‚ ºÃƒ ½Ã‚ ²Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ºÃƒâ€°Ãƒ ºÃ‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¡Ã‚ £Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ »Ã‚ µÃ‚ ©Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€¢ÃƒÅ¸ÃƒË†Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€ Ãƒ ¤Ãƒâ€Ã‚ ­Ãƒâ€Ãƒ ²Ãƒâ€°Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨  µÃƒÆ' µÃ‚ ½ÃƒË†Ã‚ ·ÃƒË†Ãƒ Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬ÃƒË†Ã‚ »Ã‚ ºÃƒ ³Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬ Ã…Â ©ÃƒÅ'à ¯Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¹ÃƒÅ"Àà ­Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃƒ ²Ãƒâ€šÃƒ ´Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€"à ¢Ãƒ ÃƒÅ¾Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¼Ãƒâ‚¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©ÃƒÆ'à ±Ãƒâ€¡Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¬ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ µÃƒÆ' ¼Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€¡Ã‚ ©[ÔÙÇ ©Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€" ªÃƒâ€¡Ã‚ ©]ÒÑ ¾Ã‚ ­Ãƒâ€¡Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ £Ã‚ ©Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€™Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ «Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¦Ãƒâ‚¬Ãƒ ­ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ªÃƒâ€Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ «ÃƒÅ½Ãƒ ¯ --- Ëà ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€¢Ãƒ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒâ€ Ãƒ ¤Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ »Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ"Àà ­Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒ Ãƒ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒâ€°Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒÅ½ÃƒÅ ÃƒÅ'à ¢Ã‚ ½Ã‚ «Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¡Ãƒâ€œÃ‚ ­ÃƒË†Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¸Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¢Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ £ Sticking to and perfecting collective ownership  ¼Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ³Ãƒâ€"à Ãƒ ªÃƒâ€°Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€"Æ As to the direction of future reform in China's rural farmland ownership, there have been controversial views from academic circles and the agricultural sector, both of whom have come forth with many different ideas. These include the nationalization of rural farmland, reform and improvement of the existing collective ownership of rural land, private ownership of farmland as well as a system of mixed ownership. Ãâ€"à Ãƒâ€œÃƒÅ¡Ãƒâ€"à Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ºÃƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©ÃƒÅ'à ¯Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ‚¬Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ¸Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ãƒ ²Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ‚¬Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€"ÔÑ §ÃƒÅ Ãƒ µÃ‚ ½Ãƒ §Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€¢Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€™Ãƒ ©Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¸Ãƒ ·Ãƒâ€"Ãâ€" ¼Ãƒ »Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¢Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ µÃ‚ ²Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¹Ãƒâ€ºÃ‚ µÃƒ £Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€¢ÃƒÅ¸Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¸Ãƒâ‚¬Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ·Ãƒâ€"Ô ²Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒ Ãƒ ­Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ  Ãƒâ€™Ãƒ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ »Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ £Ãƒâ€ Ãƒ ¤Ãƒâ€"à Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¼Ãƒâ‚¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¹Ãƒ ºÃƒâ€œÃƒ Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ¸Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¸Ãƒ Ãƒâ€" ´Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ ¼Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€"Æ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã‚ ½ÃƒË†Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©ÃƒÅ'à ¯Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€"Æ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€™Ãƒâ€Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€"Ãâ€" »Ãƒ ¬Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒâ€"ÆËà ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€"Æ µÃƒâ€žÃƒÅ'à ¥Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃ‚ ¡Ã‚ £ Based on the characteristics of China's rural land resources and its people-land relationship, the direction of reform in the country's rural land system should be the quest for a form of collective public ownership characterized by a new relationship in property rights (under the precondition of the collective public ownership of land) for the purpose of enhancing the clarity in the relationship of collective land property rights.

The Go Between and Spies

â€Å"THE MAIN CHARACTERS IN THE GO-BETWEEN AND SPIES ARE SOCIALLY OPRRESSED ARE SOCIALLY OPPRESSSED† How far do you agree with this statement? Social Oppression is a main theme explored throughout the two tragic novels, The Go-Between and Spies. Throughout the novels, L. P. Hartley and Michael Frayn successfully convey the idea, through the use of their main characters, the effects of social oppression and class divide. Using many techniques they show how class and oppression had power over the people of the Victorian era.And even after the turn of the century, People were still trapped in the shadows of the past era. Both novels are told as flashbacks taking us through the lives of two main protagonists. The climax of both novels lead to the death of two male characters due to oppression. This gives us the idea that men were under greater pressure from social oppression. Considering, Marian and Ted are caught together ‘two bodies moving like one' in the squalid outhous e but yet only Ted takes his life. Leo, being‘acutely aware of social inferiority’ swings to the extreme opposite as he aspires to be a member of the hall.Leo, ‘a foreigner in the world of emotions’, a character so imaginative and sensitive gets invited into the world of Brandham hall in the summer of 1900. With Marcus thinking he was like them from the sophisticated sound of his home ‘Court Place’. He sees himself as lower class and a mere mortal among gods and goddesses. He characterises the members of the hall as figures of the zodiac. Marian is the ‘virgin of the zodiac’ ‘pure and innocent'. To him she is ‘the key to the whole pattern, the climax, the coping-stone, the goddess'. He‘insisted on thinking of them as angels’ no matter what because they ‘belonged to the zodiac’.Leo, aware of the social difference, feels like a ‘misfit’ among ‘these smart rich people’. H e is determined to keep his class a secret even though Mrs Maudsley had ‘the ability to fix you like a pinned butterfly with her gaze’. He overlooks the authentic care of his own mother and comments that she would be ‘socially unacceptable ; she would make a bloomer’ and prepares ‘to bear the humiliation’ by himself. Leo being so young, had no knowledge of the events and situation around them. This lack of knowledge and naivety makes him lost in a sophisticated world of adults and he finds his way to destruction.Leo, with ‘the weather defying him’, after he learns from Marcus that ‘only cads wear their school clothes in the holidays'. He starts to think of clothes as badges of social status and takes an offer from Marian to ‘take him to Norwich tomorrow and get him a new outfit'. This makes more highly aware of his social inferiority as he has ‘only fifteen shillings and eight pence half penny’ as she adds ‘that doesn’t matter,’ ‘we’ve got some’. This opens way for Marian to take advantage of Leo’s malleability and he becomes ‘Mercury’ for Ted and Marian as he gets involved with the illicit love affair.Leo admits he’s a ‘super snob’ and this snobbish, naive and bigoted character failed to allow him realise the danger of his work until it’s rather too late and the harm is already done. He fails to realise what ‘spooning’ is due to his lack of knowledge he could only have the thought of ‘Ted Burgees as her spooning partner'. He gets a ‘green suit’ and a ‘green bike’ as Marian felt ‘green is his true colour ’and is called a ‘shylock’. After all these he still fails to realise he’s been mocked but rather still seeks for adventure thinking of himself as a ‘figure of fun'. The disastrous ending is caused by Leo's naivety a nd lack of knowledge.He fails to realise the trauma happening around him until it leads to the death of Ted after ‘the virgin and the water carrier’ are caught together ‘two bodies moving like one’. Unlike Leo, who Marcus his friend is nice too, Stephen suffers a worse oppression as he’s manipulated and pressured by his own friend his age Keith. Like Leo he feels like ‘a misfit everywhere’ as he comments that ‘he doesn't quite fit with the pigtailed Geest girls and the oil –stained Avery boys’, but he however still aspires to be part of the clan like Leo bus still acknowledges and accepts the fact that ‘he never will’.Unlike Leo, Stephen’s low class was known to everyone and he couldn’t even dare to keep it a secret. He was ‘the other ranks’ and unlike Leo, although he felt the class difference he was still ‘grateful to be so’. He went to a different school complete ly from Keith with uniforms ‘socially coded for ease of reference’. He lived in a ‘semi-detached' house attached to ‘the pinchers' making the whole situation ‘even more shameful'. While his friend Keith lived in a house with ‘white wicket gates' with a ‘neat red brick path that curves through rose beds'.He felt like he wasn’t even worthy of the Hayward’s as he says ‘The Hayward’s were impeccable and yet they tolerated him’ and Mrs Hayward’s ‘incomprehensible niceness’. Stephen like Leo, has the colour ‘green’ associated with them as Stephen admits ‘everything about me was plainly green'. Stephen didn’t dare to go against Keith’s orders as Keith ‘was the leader’ and he ‘was the led’. Stephen’s feeling of social inferiority to Keith allows Keith to dominate and intimidate Keith’s life as Stephen sees Keith as ‘t he first in a whole series of dominant figures whose disciple I became’.Stephen sees himself as the ‘undersized boy with the teapot ears following his powerful friend open mouthed and credulous’. Stephen is much more different from Leo as he doesn’t hide who he is and isn’t ashamed of who he is. Both boys however are associated with symbols. Stephen is associated with the ‘Privet’ as Leo is associated with ‘Mercury’. Both boys are completely unaware of sex and it’s this lack knowledge that makes Leo not realize what ‘spooning’ is and Stephen misinterprets the ‘X’s’ and ‘! ’ in Mrs Hayward’s diary. Both boys become messengers for illicit love affairs and don’t realise what they’re been used for.Being naive and snobbish like Leo, Keith fails to realize the relationship between Uncle Peter and Mrs Hayward. He doesn’t realize why a man will be in t he barns. This naivety prevents him from realising Mrs Hayward may have gone into the barns even as he says ‘there’s only one way to go and that’s left, if you go right it leads to the tracks’. He doesn’t think Mrs Hayward for one minute will go into the tracks. When they realize Mrs Hayward might have go into a house in the lanes, he says they couldn’t pursue their project ‘Germans we might be able to deal with, these people we certainly can’t’.He didn’t realise he was German and even detested the thought a German as it was during the war time and being German in Britain at that point would be a sign of betrayal and a huge deal. Both boys heavily affected by class, and sexual awakening lead them to events that affect them throughout their lives and see the need to reconcile their past with their future as Leo says ‘the facts of life were a mystery to me’. Their lack of knowledge can't be totally blamed on them but rather the times and conditions they lived in.They lived in a society where even girls could grow into women and not know where children were given birth to from or know what awaited them on their wedding night. Children were forbidden to know nor talk about Sex. They were not allowed to know a lot of things. It was like a society with an ‘adult world' and a children's one because knowledge in the society then, was a package combined with loss of innocence. Just like Stephen begins to know more and starts seeing the path ahead as ‘darker tunnels' and no longer ‘remote blue horizons'.However, this lack of knowledge leaves both boys lives in a complete shatter especially that of Leo. The Climax of the novel, leaves Leo ‘like a train going through a series of tunnels; sometimes in the dark not knowing'. He lives with himself thinking he was responsible for the death of Ted Burgees as he comments that ‘the tidings of Ted's suicide came to me vo icelessly as ‘he haunted' him. He lives thinking ‘in destroying the belladonna' he ‘had also destroyed Ted' and ‘perhaps destroyed himself'. He was left a lonely man ‘sitting alone' in a ‘drab flowerless room'.While Stefan was left with a marriage ‘that was never quite a real marriage'. With ‘worse troubles than anyone's ever had before'. He thinks he was responsible for the death of Uncle peter as he struggles to figure out where he belonged. Hartley used the social structure of his main protagonist Leo, who admits that he had ‘destroyed Ted’ as a vehicle for expressing the power of the class structure over the society's actions with Ted serving as the scape goat shooting himself after the findings of Mrs Maudsley in the outhouses to avoid the societal disgrace and spare Marian the embarrassment.Ted was oppressed by his lack of social status as Denys doesn’t fail to say ‘we don’t know him socially of c ourse’ and his lack of money as he rents his land from Lord Trimingham. Hartley makes reference to the class range in the society using the complex sub-textual elements of the interaction between the main characters especially with he relationship between Marian Maudsley and Ted Burges . Marian states that ‘Ted and I were lovers’ their ‘love was a beautiful thing’ but yet they couldn’t be together due to the distinction in their social class and her expectations to marry an aristocrat.The villagers admire them and feel ‘if it wasn’t for the difference what a handsome pair they’ll make’. Ted Burgees isn’t ashamed to tell anyone about his low class as he admits to Leo ‘I’m a kind friend of hers’ but doesn’t hesitate to say ‘but not the sort she goes about with’. However, he feels insecure about it and looks at ‘himself critically all over’ and even Leo notices that ‘the more clothes he put on, the less he looked himself’. Ted seemed to have been a comfortable man before any illicit love affair with Marian as the villagers see his change as a sudden one and ask ‘what’s come over Ted? To be shy with ladies’? This implies he was a lady’s man and was content with his farm life as he admits ‘I’m not what you call a gentle-man farmer’. Trimingham, on the other hand, was ‘a Lord’ whose clothes, unlike Ted's, ‘seem to be a part of him’. He’s an aristocrat and a gentle-man who teaches Leo ‘nothing is ever a lady’s fault’. Unlike Ted, he had ‘an ambiguous social position’ as he was penniless yet his aristocracy strengthened his social status and was seen as an ‘emblem of the golden age’.Trimingham however, despite all these odds, was oppressed by his lack of money and the defects of his face from the ‘Boe r war’. He was ‘dreadfully ugly’ and we learn from Marcus that ‘he doesn’t like you to feel sorry for him’. Hartley contrasts his hideous ‘sick shaped scar that ran from his eye to the corner of his mouth’ with the image of war making him ‘a hero with a background of the hospital and battlefield’. Trimingham is the gentle, chivalrous representative of a dying tradition, bearing the scars of an ‘impersonal’ war.A complex symbol, he is ‘two-sided, like Janus’, like the war, conflict and suffering for which in some ways he stands—entities which can be evil, the result of passion and pride and ‘the fear of losing face’, but which can also be good, the nurturer of strength, humility, self-discipline, compassion, the gaiety having the ‘background of hospital and battle-field’. Hugh is two-sided like the traditions of the British nobility, like the blind-in-one-eye c hivalry which insists that nothing can ever be a lady’s fault, like the patriotism which sends soldiers off to kill the Boer, who’s ‘not a bad feller’ but who happens to be the present target.When Leo first sees Trimingham he immediately concludes it’ll be ‘impossible to like him’ and so doesn’t expect Marian to marry him after he learns from Marcus that ‘Mama wants Marian to marry him’. His lack of money makes him still go forward to marry Marian even after ‘the virgin and the water-carrier are caught together, ‘two bodies moving like one’. Marian still becomes ‘Lady Trimingham’. He was so deeply oppressed that even Leo comments that ‘His life could never have been a good life'.He was a respectable man from a family of aristocracy, yet had no money pushing him to still marry a woman who had become a figure of shame to get himself some money. Also because of his strong belief tha t ‘nothing was ever a ladys fault' Uncle Peter on the other hand, ‘who’s very absence, was a kind of presence’ was a man with no status in the society living beyond the edges of civilisation but his presence lied in ‘the glory of Uncle Peter’ a RAF pilot meant to be flying bombing missions over Germany.War plays a role in both novels as Frayn and Hartley use Uncle Peter and Trimingham to further show the effects of war on societal men. In Uncle Peter’s case however, it led to his destruction and the end of his life. It was his major source of oppression as he now had to live in the lowest of the lowest, the Barns. Unlike Trimingham who’s still fully idolised and idealised even much more after the war, we can’t say the same about Uncle Peter.Indeed he was idolised and his iconic status still remains with Auntie Dee, as Stephen tells us the untidiness of their house ‘glowed with a kind of sacred light, like a saint and his attributes in a religious painting’. This image is a different man from the man in the barns who is now ‘that low in the table of human precedence’. This painting is nothing close to that of war hero. As the narrator unveils the mystery we find out he has betrayed his country, deserted his duties under the claim ‘you’re up there in the darkness five hundred miles away from home and suddenly the darkness is in you as well’.The man at the Barns and Uncle Peter are two different beings. One is a desperate, sick broken, deserted individual and the other whose eagle on his hat ‘spreading its gilt wings protectively’ over the children of the Close. Should Uncle Peter have tried to rejoin the society, he would have brought shame and disgrace upon his family as Uncle Peter's iconic status was what reflected on Auntie Dee as even their untidy house ‘glowed with a kind of scared light, like a saint and his attributes in a religiou s painting'. He is oppressed by the war effects and love as Trimingham and Ted.In his own case, he has married the wrong sister and at the same time gone from being a hero, to a man ‘that low in the table of human precedence’. He has nothing to offer the woman he loves like Ted who has nothing to offer Marian other than love. He has but a map with the one word ‘Forever’. He lives with images of the war fully fresh in his head saying ‘you can't think, you can't move, Everything's drowned by this great scream of terror in the darkness' as he struggles to close his mind to the memory by using second person, refusing to acknowledge them as his own experience.Like Leo is traumatised by the death of Ted, as he claims ‘the tidings of Ted’s suicide came to me voicelessly’, and ‘haunted me’, Uncle Peter lives with the trauma of the war and describes it as ‘blood-red velvet in the crown above the eagle’. He describe s his plight and says it ‘gets a bit leak, lying here and likens himself to a ‘dicky engine’. Uncle Peter deeply oppressed by the war, explains his plight to Stephen saying ‘you start playing some game, and you’re the brave one, you’re the great hero,‘But the games goes on and on, and it gets more and frightening’ and unfortunately for Uncle Peter the end result is death.His death remains ambiguous as we can’t ascertain if he killed himself like Ted, or if he was killed or perhaps had an accident. Marian Maudsley a beautiful ‘godess' from Brandham hall an upper middle classed family in late-Victorian England with her ‘hair bright with sunshine' and ‘pale rose-pink' face. She has so many social expectations from both her family and the society. Best of all she's expected to make a ‘good marriage'. It was like she was ‘the climax, the key to the whole pattern'. She was in the middle of a cross bat tle with her emotions.Torn between the man she ‘must marry' to give her and her family the aristocracy they desire and the man who she shared a ‘ beautiful thing' and believed ‘were made for each other'. Marian was tough like her mother as they were ‘like two steel threads crossing each other', but ‘her face reflected all the misery she had been going through'. She was oppressed by her social class and expectations, her Love for Ted and like her mother, she's expected to be a good hostess, moral, and keep her emotions and family under control by marrying Trimingham.However, Marian is a very deceptive character as she lies to her mother on her seeing someone in Norwich as she hurriedly said ‘Not a cat; we were hard at it all the time'. She also thinks she can marry Trimingham and carry on with her affair with Ted. Being the ‘virgin of the zodiac', associated with the ‘Attropa Belladonna'. She was a beautiful creature yet poisonous. So w as the Attropa Belladonna as leo says ‘ I knew that every part of it was poisonous, but I knew that it was beautiful'. Marian was a cruel and heartless character to an extent.She was a ‘snob' as Leo towards Trimingham on several occasions. She knew fully well there was no future for her and Ted and is fully aware she must marry Trimingham. She says to Leo ‘I cant' when Leo asks her why she cant marry Ted and admits to him that She ‘must marry' Trimingham. She's a selfish character, as Ted has scarified all he has for her, he rents his farm from Trimingham and knows he can loose it and is willing to take that risk. She however, takes no serios risk as she has her eyes set on aristocracy.She lures him into deceit which leaves the young man dead and she ends up as ‘Lady Trimingham'. She uses Leo as ‘the Go-Between' between her and Ted and still calls the young boy names like ‘shylock', she tells her brother Marcus that green is a suitable color for Leo. She takes advantage of the love Trimingham has for her as she threatens that she ‘wont marry him if Ted goes' and is willing to go as far as saying that ‘Blackmail's a game two can play at'. Marian sees Ted's suicide as weakness and tells Leo ‘Ted is as weak as water'.Marian is sometimes nice to Leo, ut however, all her niceness towards him always had a motive behind it. She takes him to Norwich so she can get the chance to see Ted, she buys him a bicycle to make the message delivery faster between her and Ted. However, it could be argued that it was all out of frustration. Her eyes showed that ‘she couldn't trust herself to speak', and had ‘a hard bed' to lay on. Marian Maudsley was ‘the climax' of the whole story. She was responsible for Ted's death and the calamity that befell Leo. She was still selfish even at old age not to admit to her faults.She continued to live in her self-deception and somehow made herself believe she was still a popular important figure in the hall telling Leo ‘People come in shoals; I almost have to turn them from the door; Everyone knows about me'. Her grandson is left to suffer the consequences of her actions. Michael Frayn uses imagery, metaphor, and irony to present Mrs. Hayward in different ways. Through these techniques, Frayn dramatically and beautifully contrasts Mrs. Hayward's calm, composed manner at the start of the novel with her serious, emotionally distraught side. Mrs.Hayward who is introduced with the six letters ‘My mother is a German Spy', a character of ‘grace and serenity' always cheerful. She's presented as an elegant and respectable character like Mrs. Maudsley and Marian who are under pressure but cant show it. She was almost a perfect being to the extent that even her chickens ‘lived irreproachably elegant lives, parading haughtily about a spacious kingdom'. However, Mrs. Hayward was oppressed by her social expectations to always keep a hi gh chin and her house in order and It becomes part of her ‘to conceal her true nature' . Also by her husband Mr.Hayward whose character is a bully inflicting pain on his wife that even ‘in the heat of summer' she still wears a ‘cravat pinned high around her neck'. It can be argued she did this to hide the bruises inflicted on her by her violent husband' Mrs. Hayward cant leave her marriage because once she got married to mr. Hayward, being in that period, all her rights , properties and even her identity ceased to exist. By law she was under the complete and total supervision of her husband. Mr. Hayward carefully watches is wife and this is why she has to send Stephen to carry a message to Uncle Peter.A woman was ‘Barred by law and custom from entering trades and professions by which they could support themselves, and restricted in the possession of property, woman had only one means of livelihood, that of marriage'. She keeps a diary with ‘X's and â₠¬Ëœ! ‘s' representing her period and sex life. We know she has a distant relationship with her husband, and seems vaguely scared of him, so who she's having sex with is untold. Later on, we see she has ‘Uncle Peter in her bosom' perhaps the ‘X's' indicated his reciprocated love. Like Marian, she cant be with the man she loves.