The Battle at Issus

Alexander the Great fought the Battle at Issus soon after the Battle at the Granicus. Like his father Philip, the glory-seeking Alexander aimed to conquer the Persian Empire. Although greatly outnumbered, Alexander was a better tactician. The battle was bloody, Alexander suffered a thigh wound, and the Pinarus River was said to have run red with blood. Despite the injury and the steep cost in human lives, Alexander won the Battle at Issus. Alexanders Opponents After the recent Battle at the Granicus, Memnon was given command of all Persian forces in Asia Minor. Had the Persians followed his advice at Granicus, they might have won and stopped Alexander in time. In Upset at Issus (Military History Magazine), Harry J. Maihafer says Memnon was not only astute militarily, but doled out bribes. A Greek, Memnon almost persuaded Sparta to back him. As Greeks, the Spartans should have been expected to support Alexander, but not all Greeks preferred rule by Alexander to rule by the king of Persia. Macedonia was still Greeces conqueror. Because of mixed Greek sympathies, Alexander hesitated to continue his eastward expansion, but then he sliced the Gordian Knot and took the omen as urging him on.​ The Persian King Believing he was on the right track, Alexander pressed on his Persian campaign. A problem emerged, Alexander learned he had come to the attention of the Persian king. King Darius III was at Babylon, moving towards Alexander, from his capital at Susa, and gathering troops en route. Alexander, on the other hand, was losing them: he may have had as few as 30,000 men. Alexanders Illness Alexander became seriously ill at Tarsus, a city in Cilicia that would later become the capital of that Roman province. While recovering, Alexander sent Parmenio to capture the harbor town of Issus and watch for Darius approach into Cilicia with his perhaps 100,000 men. [Ancient sources say the Persian army had much more.] Faulty Intelligence When Alexander recovered sufficiently, he rode to Issus, deposited the sick and wounded, and traveled on. Meanwhile, Darius troops gathered in the plains east of the Amanus Mountains. Alexander led some of his troops to the Syrian Gates, where he expected Darius to pass, but his intelligence was flawed: Darius marched across another pass, to Issus. There the Persians mutilated and captured the debilitated people Alexander had left behind. Worse, Alexander was cut off from most of his troops. Darius crossed the mountain range by what are called the Amanic Gates, and advancing towards Issus, came without being noticed to the rear of Alexander. Having reached Issus, he captured as many of the Macedonians as had been left behind there on account of illness. These he cruelly mutilated and slew. Next day he proceeded to the river Pinarus.—Arrian Major Battles of Alexanders Asian Campaigns Battle Prep Alexander quickly led the men who had traveled with him back to the main body of the Macedonians and sent out scouting horsemen to learn exactly what Darius was up to. At the reunion, Alexander rallied his troops and prepared for battle the following morning. Alexander went to a mountaintop to offer sacrifices to the presiding gods, according to Curtius Rufus. Darius enormous army was on the other side of the Pinarus River, stretching from the Mediterranean Sea to foothills in an area too narrow to give an advantage to his numbers: [A]nd that the deity was acting the part of general on their behalf better than himself, by putting it into the mind of Darius to move his forces from the spacious plain and shut them up in a narrow place, where there was suffficient room for themselves to deepen their phalanx by marching from front to rear, but where their vast multitude would be useless to the enemy in the battle.—Arrian Major Battles of Alexanders Asian Campaigns The Fighting Parmenio was in charge of the those of Alexanders troops deployed to the seaside of the battle line. He was enjoined not to let the Persians get around them, but to bend back, if necessary, and stick to the sea. First, upon the right wing near the mountain he placed his infantry guard and the shield-bearers, under the command of Nicanor, son of Parmenio; next to these the regiment of Coenus, and close to them that of Perdiccas. These troops were posted as far as the middle of the heavy-armed infantry to one beginning from the right. On the left wing first stood the regiment of Amyntas, then that of Ptolemy, and close to this that of Meleager. The infantry on the left had been placed under the command of Craterus; but Parmenio held the chief direction of the whole left wing. This general had been ordered not to abandon the sea, so that they might not be surrounded by the foreigners, who were likely to outflank them on all sides by their superior numbers.—Arrian Major Battles of Alexanders Asian Campaigns Alexander stretched his troops parallel to the Persian forces: Fortune was not kinder to Alexander in the choice of the ground, than he was careful to improve it to his advantage. For being much inferior in numbers, so far from allowing himself to be outflanked, he stretched his right wing much further out than the left wing of his enemies, and fighting there himself in the very foremost ranks, put the barbarians to flight.Plutarch, Life of Alexander Alexanders Companion Cavalry headed across the river where they faced the Greek mercenary forces, veterans and some of the best of the Persian army. The mercenaries saw an opening in Alexanders line and rushed in. Alexander moved to gain the Persians flank. This meant the mercenaries needed to fight in two places at once, which they couldnt do, and so the battle tide soon turned. When Alexander spotted the royal chariot, his men raced towards it. The Persian king fled, followed by others. The Macedonians tried but were unable to overtake the Persian king. The Aftermath At Issus, Alexanders men rewarded themselves richly with Persian loot. Darius women at Issus were frightened. At best they could expect to become the concubine of a high-status Greek. Alexander reassured them. He told them not only was Darius still alive, but they would be kept safe and honored. Alexander kept his word and has been honored for this treatment of the women in Darius family. Sources Upset at Issus, by Harry J. Maihafer. Military History Magazine Oct. 2000.Jona Lendering - Alexander the Great: Battle at the IssusAlexanders Sacrifice dis praesidibus loci before the Battle of Issus, by J. D. Bing. Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 111, (1991), pp. 161-165. The Generalship of Alexander, by A. R. Burn. Greece Rome (Oct. 1965), pp. 140-154.

The Tempest, a Brave New World; or just a sad goodbye Essay

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Through the years there has been much debate as to whether Shakespeare’s The Tempest is an Allegory to European colonization and colonial life, or if it is his â€Å"farewell to the stage† with a complete overview of the stage and a compilation of all of his characters into a few, in which the playwright himself being presented as Prospero. Is The Tempest an allegory to European colonization, or is it Shakespeare, presenting his formal farewell to the stage? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many believe that Shakespeare, personified his character into Prospero, because Prospero ultimately created the entire plot of the play with his magic, which he obtained shortly after being marooned on the island. Because The†¦show more content†¦After all, if every play were written in the magical world of The Tempest, Hamlet would have been reunited with Ophelia, and King Hamlet would have risen from the dead in order to forgive his murder and restore his kingdom (Johnston 6), or Lady Macbeth would have finally washed that â€Å"damned spot† out of her hand, with out going crazy, and Duncan would have forgiven Macbeth before he obtained his extreme pessimistic view of life in general, provided that Macbeth surrender his kingdom back to Duncan. It is a world without real tragedy, only staged tragedy, and it is the world in which Shakespeare is possibly trying to imply that the playwright lives, because his magic, like Prospero’s is onl y good in his world, or in his case, the stage. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One of the main indicators that perhaps this was his final farewell to the stage is Prospero’s epilogue to the play. In it he states that in order to rejoin life outside his isolated island where anything is possible, he must â€Å"drown his book† or give up his magic. This is very significant because to many readers it symbolizes Shakespeare â€Å"drowning his book† or preparing to re-enter society without the imagination with which he created plays. Prospero tells the audience that he is a slave to his own magic, and that in order for him to be set free, they must applaud him, so he can leave. ThisShow MoreRelatedModern English Macbeth21221 Words   |  85 Pagesdesire to pass into unconsciousness. It was clear that he had something important to tell the King. ‘What bloody man is this?’ said Duncan. ‘I can see he s just come from the battlefield so he ll be able to give us the latest news.’ ‘Ah!’ exclaimed Malcolm. ‘This is the sergeant who struggled so valiantly to save me from captivity. Hello, brave friend. Tell the King how things stand.’ The man winced. His breathing was laboured but his eyes shone. ‘It was on a knife-edge,’ he said. ‘The armiesRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pageslanguage. Secondly, since the preparation of the ms. there have been two major published dictionaries of Igbo, by Echeruo (1998) and Igwe (1999) as well as innumerable publications marking advances in the understanding of the grammar of Igbo, which any new publication must take into account. In addition, the English itself has an archaic feel to it and I have sometimes updated rather antiquated expressions. For the present I have left in example sentences referring to long-disappeared stores, such as

The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne - 1471 Words

The Scarlet Letter â€Å"A† In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, the â€Å"A† is much more than a tattered patch of crimson with loose gold stitchery. As the years pass, the Puritanical society associates Hester Prynne’s identity with the embattled patch from an â€Å"adulteress,† to a woman who’s â€Å"able,† and finally, into an â€Å"angel.† Hester is a fallen woman in the beginning as she is publically shamed and shunned, causing her to suffer greatly. She internally struggles to comprehend the letter’s symbolic meaning only to come out as a stronger woman in the end. â€Å"Symbols are a means of complex communication that often can have multiple levels of meaning.†(Womack, P125) Hester gains a unique understanding of humanity and the struggles of other†¦show more content†¦Hester does not try to hide The Scarlet Letter but instead, she wears it as a badge of honor. She does not associate with other women at the time who wou ld be ashamed of it. Hester struggled with the meaning of the letter yet somehow the pressures of society to return to sin. â€Å"From the intense consciousness of being the object of severe and universal observation, the wearer of the scarlet letter was at length relieved, by discerning on the outskirts of the crowd a figure which irresistibly took possession of her thoughts. â€Å"(Hawthorne, P483) Four years have gone by, and Hester s position in the community has changed. The colony eventually replaced their judgements of her shame with courage, and her life has been wholesome since Pearl s birth. While Dimmesdale s sermons have become more compassionate and admired because of his suffering, Hester s position has risen because of her charity. Her scarlet â€Å"A† now could represent Able, but it has come with a price; no friends, no passion, no love or affection. Hester s role amongst the Puritan community has changed considerably due toShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1242 Words   |  5 PagesLYS PAUL Modern Literature Ms. Gordon The Scarlet Letter The scarlet letter is book written by Nathaniel Hawthorne who is known as one the most studied writers because of his use of allegory and symbolism. He was born on July 4, 1804 in the family of Nathaniel, his father, and Elizabeth Clark Hathorne his mother. Nathaniel added â€Å"W† to his name to distance himself from the side of the family. His father Nathaniel, was a sea captain, and died in 1808 with a yellow fever while at sea. That was aRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne960 Words   |  4 Pages3H 13 August 2014 The novel, The Scarlet Letter, was written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne and was published in 1850 (1). It is a story about the Puritan settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, set around 1650 (2). The story is written in the third person with the narrator being the author. The common thread that runs through this novel is Hawthorne’s apparent understanding of the beliefs and culture of the Puritans in America at that time. But Hawthorne is writing about events in a societyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne919 Words   |  4 Pagessymbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†. Symbolism is when an object is used in place of a different object. Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most symbolic writers in all of American history. In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the letter â€Å"A† is used to symbolize a variety of different concepts. The three major symbolistic ideas that the letter â€Å"A† represents in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† are; shame, guilt, and ability. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the firstRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630’s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritan’s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues among us. The time frame of the puritans resulted in Hawthorne eventually thinkingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne999 Words   |  4 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne is the author of the prodigious book entitled The Scarlet Letter. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne commits adultery with Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. Her husband, Roger Chillingworth, soon finds out about the incident after it becomes clear that she is pregnant. The whole town finds out and Hester is tried and punished. Meanwhile, Roger Chillingworth goes out then on a mission to get revenge by becoming a doctor and misprescribing Dimmesdale. He does this to torture DimmesdaleRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthat human nature knows right from wrong, but is naturally evil and that no man is entirely â€Å"good†. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of the classic novel The Scarlet Letter, believes that every man is innately good and Hawthorne shows that everyone has a natural good side by Hester’s complex character, Chillingworth’s actions and Dimmesdale’s selfless personality. At the beginning of the Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne is labeled as the â€Å"bad guy†. The townspeople demand the other adulterer’s name, butRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1517 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne composes Pearl as a powerful character even though she is not the main one. Her actions not only represent what she is as a person, but what other characters are and what their actions are. Hawthorne makes Pearl the character that helps readers understand what the other characters are. She fits perfectly into every scene she is mentioned in because of the way her identity and personality is. Pearl grows throughout the book, which in the end, help the readers better understandRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1488 Words   |  6 Pages In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, the main character, Hester Prynne, is a true contemporary of the modern era, being cast into 17th century Puritan Boston, Massachusetts. The Scarlet Letter is a revolutionary novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne examining the ugliness, complexity, and strength of the human spirit and character that shares new ideas about independence and the struggles women faced in 17th century America. Throughout the novel, Hester’s refusal to remove the scarlet letterRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1319 Words   |  6 PagesPrynne and Arthur Dimmesdale are subject to this very notion in Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter. Hester simply accepted that what she had done was wrong, whereas Dimmesdale, being a man of high regard, did not want to accept the reality of what he did. Similar to Hester and Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth allows his emotions to influence his life; however, his influence came as the result of hi s anger. Throughout the book, Hawthorne documents how Dimmesdale and Hester s different ways of dealingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1714 Words   |  7 PagesSome two hundred years following the course of events in the infamous and rigid Puritan Massachusetts Colony in the 1600s, Nathaniel Hawthorne, descendant of a Puritan magistrate, in the 19th century, published The Scarlet Letter. Wherein such work, Hawthorne offered a social critique against 17th Massachusetts through the use of complex and dynamic characters and literary Romanticism to shed light on said society’s inherent contradiction to natural order and natural law. In his conclusive statements

Title of the Paper (2574 words) Essay Example For Students

Title of the Paper (2574 words) Essay Title of the Paper (The Art of Teaching Book Report) Submitted By (Kadeejah Johnson, ) Number and Name of Course (Managing the Diverse Classroom EDUC 311) Class Meeting Time/Day (M/W/F: 11:00 A.M. 11:50 A.M.) Professor (Dr.Barrie Ciliberti) Semester (Fall 2016) Todays Date (Monday October 17, 2016) Bowie State University Department of Education Bowie, MarylandThe Art of TeachingGilbert HighetReport I Summary of the bookIn the novel, The Art of Teaching, Gilbert Highet takes the importance of knowing how and when to be a good teacher. He lists that there are many other professions in the world, however the most important and rewarding profession is teaching. He talks about how the teacher has a particular job and that the only time that a teacher gets is over the summer if he or she did not enroll in summer courses. There are other forms of educating different students and a way to teach them the subject that the teacher is more keen to teaching. The teachers second reward as descr ibed in the book as the teacher using his mind on valuable subjects regarding Literature, Social studies, mathematics and the arts. The teacher is the most important character and most valuable player in the classroom. There are qualities of a teacher that are good and allows for there to be a difference in who the teacher is and what the teacher teaches. Highet discusses how teaching is inseparable from learning, which enlists that there is a good teacher that makes an effort to learn more about what he teaches. The teacher is supposed to believe in the value and be interested in the subject that he or she teaches. Highet also suggest that the only reason for learning, and it is so that boys read and want to learn something worthwhile. The teacher has been said as the problem solver, the one who continuously finds pupils and educate them based on the sole fact that they are the future, and are required to learn all that is granted to them as individuals. This is where he begins to mention that young people cannot chose their teachers, until they reach university age and sometimes not even then. A wise teacher will keep his pupils from feeling he is playing a trade rather than being able to somehow carry over such knowledge to his pupils. A teacher must not just like the young because they are young. Which is why it is important to realize he must also enjoy working in groups and students working in groups, which Highet found the most universal factor of teaching is that the teacher must enjoy the conditions of teaching and to find the energy in their students. Highet found that if a teacher prefers working in a lab or reading in a library they will never be a good teacher. He also goes into the fact there being behavioral issues in school the teacher must act as the leader of a group, and feel the same flow of energy as the students based on not being tired while hes teaching. He then goes into explaining the time period during the sixties where heroine was a big part of the failing school system. Fights would break out and much of it was because of the lack of good teachers. Highet had hoped that students would take the teacher and hid or her personality and make a deal of learning from them. It has been said that the teacher must know his pupils and must know their names, habits and the way that they learn. He found that it was important for students to make the teacher feel more obligated to learning. Highet also insinuates that in order to influence them in any way they must be convinced that the teacher knows them. The art of teaching , like the art of healing consist in recognizing the combination of types. The best way to know a pupil is to divide each student into a type, which inevitably leaves both the student and the teacher in sync with each other. The teacher is the most significant role in the school, amongst the staff members and the students the most important is the teacher. Which Highet found as the most emancipating thing and that is that teachers are the ones who starve the talent that is in pupils. Teachers tend to overshadow such talent by not recognizing it. Teachers in schools and colleges must see more, think more as well as understand more than the average man and woman of the society in which they live. The teacher must not forget that there is a void in the educational level of higher education and that there is also a new form of education based on both the student and the teachers effort in learning. It has always been in the best interest of the teacher that the student succeeds and is a ble to master certain subject areas. Highet found that both the student and the teacher must come to an understanding, and that is that there is a better life outside of school, but also that there is potential. The book was intended for people that aspire to be teachers or those who had already entered the profession. The good teacher will be the one who is vitally in abstracting the talent from the student so that he or she is given the opportunity to grow from both the knowledge and the respect of knowing that someone cared enough about them to focus on their development. The teacher has the most difficult job, Highet warns, but he also adds that it takes someone dedicated, honest and open about the opportunity to do something that will go to later generations. Highet opens up about his experiences as to why such students and teachers build strong relationships with their students, outside of school and instruction. Highet found that the teacher closest to him helped him grow on the basis he found talent, and that was in his ability to write. The art if being a teacher is that they are encouraged to continuously learn and to become more aware of his or her students. Highet encouraged throughout the book the most important obligations to teaching and what it meant to be aware of all the students needs. Although it had been said that Highet found school boring and unenthusiastic, which he stated was because of the teacher. Based on Gilbert Highets motivation in writing a book on what it means to be a teacher and how to be a teacher, it has been proven that it takes the student and the teachers cooperation in assisting the needs of both the student and administration. Highet indicated that the relationship between a pupil and a teacher should be everlasting, and always growing so that the student never stops learning. Paleontology (9th-10th Grade Paper) EssayIn order to understand what Highet meant when he said that, I believe that teaching is an art not a science. This is indicating that there are strategic and goal abiding characteristic that a teacher must have, and that is to ensure that each child receives the same form of education as those who are African American and Hispanic. He mentions that these to minority groups are amongst the most difficult to educate when there is a situation in the urban cities. This comes as a surprise because it was believed that education was granted to everyone, no matter of race, gender or the quality of the education they gained previous. Highet admits that during the eighties education was looked at as a joke, however many started to realize how important it was to receive an education. Teaching to me, is not an art it the only way of survival, what can society do if you are educated? It slows down the stereotype that African Americans and other minority groups are uneducated and have a difficult time learning and going to school amongst other groups. There will always be this burning question as to what makes Gilbert Highets, The Art of Teaching the guide to someone who is entering the field of education or a refresher to those teachers who are still educating under the institution. Highets contribution to the theory of what teaching really means and what it is to those teachers who want to branch out to another profession. I will say that I am not convinced, and solemnly believe that teaching is a privilege and that only those who wish to learn something new every day, and those who read for enrichment, as well as believe in the education of the youth should be teachers. Art is a form of expression, and those who express the desire of teaching should not read this book. The chance of feeling discouraged, and unconvinced that Highet proves why teaching is an art, will only leave confusion and rebuttals. Teaching is an obligation, and is rewarding through seeing each child succeed and pursue the institution of higher learning, and investing in their education. There are often times teachers are misled as the problem solver, and the begin all to end all in situations concerning the youth. However, Highet suggest that such factors are important and they allow everyone to be on the same page. This book is difficult to read if there is no interest in education or being a teacher. Highet allows the reader to interpret what he means and ay what volume he needs to reach his goal, and that is to encourage one to read or to put the book down and run to educate. The ultimate goal of any educator is to allow his or her pupils to be themselves and to express sole interest in education. Not at all does this book make readers want to take it home and read it on their own time, yet had it been an assigned read, much of the content would be interpreted as an aggressive take on what a teacher is, and what a teacher does in his or her own leisure. The most difficult thing I found about this book is that there is no clear thes is as to what a teacher is, or the art in teaching. At some point I found myself wanting to turn to the end to find if it was mentioned at the end of the book. If you are only interested in band wagons and believe that no real learning has taken place before your appearance on the scene, this book will be a disappointment. Highet takes an analytical and historical approach to the greatest of teachers and their methods. In doing so, he provides one of the finest examinations of the methodology of the Classic Greek School. Highet encourages a love for learning, a love for children and a passion for sharing only the finest with our students. My guess is that he would have been opposed to dumbing down on many counts, but primarily because of the lack of respect it shows for the potential of the student. Although the book seems a little old fashion, one could consider reading this again in the near future.