Stages of intervention in social work

Stages of intervention in social work CASE WORK ASSIGNMENT: CASE STUDY INTRODUCTION: â€Å"Social casework is a method of helping people individually through a one-to-one relationship. It is used by professionally-trained social workers in social work agencies or organizations to help people with their problems of social functioning. Problems of social functioning refer to situations concerned with social roles and their performance. (Mathew 1991)†. INTRODUCTION OF AGENCY: Vinimay trust is situated in Koperkharaine, navi-mumbai (Maharastra State). Established in 1981 and registered in 1989. It is a social work organization [NGO] working for under-privileged children and youth staying in, and emerging out of, child welfare institutions. It is an organisation which run and managed by volunteers. Today it has more than 250 volunteers. It is working for children and youth welfare. It has a 3 storey building in Koperkharaine name Tarun Sadan, where the boys stays It is primarily working for child welfare and youth welfare.in child welfare it arranged the many activity, like birthday celebration, organising games games and picnic and various event in different child welfare homes that comes under the child welfare department in Mumbai, beside this it does youth welfare activity as rehabilitation of the boys through a facility of lodging, saving and various programme, which helps them to fit themselves in the larger society. The boys here come from various ch ild welfare institution with various background they need various support through the government, through the society and Vinimay trust is just an experiment of that. It is fair to say that the flaws in the child welfare institution, leads to the creation of these type of institution. There are not so many after care institution in Mumbai and in these type of scenario, Vinimay trust took a step forward toward a just society. There are capacity for 52 boys in the Vinimay Trust who stay there for three years from the date of admission and this process is going on since its establishment Though these boys have no identity and address proof or other documents which are very critical for living today and in the lack of these basic documents, they have to face several hurdle in the life So the boys who come here must have to open their bank account, Aadhar card, pan card, voter card within six month from the date of admission here. Though Vinimay trust do these work and for that the local government body play a pivotal role in the process. CASE STUDY: I have selected the case of Gajanand for the assignment. Though he was new to Tarun Sadan. Usually boys there played cricket, watching TV in group. Prima facia he was also in the group but never talk much to anyone. Within three month he ran away four times four times from the Tarun Sadan. Though his background, that were written in the file of Tarun Sadan and that information itself come from previous institution says that he has experience of running away from home and from some institution. He is employed but he didn’t go to job regularly and he left the job thrice. GENERAL INFORMATION: NAME- Gajanand ( name has been changed for the purpose of confidentiality ) SEX- Male AGE- 18 EDUCATION QUALIFICATION- 6th RELIGION- Hindu Name of the child welfare institution David Sussane Industrial School Family information- no family information Date of admission in Tarun Sadan- 5/04/2013 Mother’s name- no information Father’s name- no information Skill 6 month fitter course from Maharastra State Board of Vocational Examination in June with First class. Harmful habit- Tobacco Job detail Current employment- Tayyar Ho. K, Juinagar Position- housekeeper Monthly salary-8500 Earlier Employment Detail- Anand Hotel, Koperkharaine Life history He was living with his family but he didn’t know about them. He ran from his home with his friend but he missed his friend somewhere in the train. His native place is Islapur, Nanaded. He think his family is living in his native place. He went to Pune once to meet his uncle but he took him at Sarva Seva Sangh 0rg. He also ran away from this organization. WORKING WITH INDIVIDUAL- STAGE INVOLVED: There are seven stage are involved while doing casework with individual. These stage are as follows:- Engagement Assessment Planning Implementation Evaluation Termination and Follow-up TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES: Listening Observation Interview Home visits Relationship TECHNIQUES: Acceptance Assurance Facilitating Expression of feelings Encouragement and Reassurance Being with the client Emotional support In my field work there are very large scope of doing the casework study because its work for institutionalised people. First stage is Engagement in which there is a systematic study of client, his/her situation related to his or her problem. In this process, I collect information like what is the problem with the client and what can be the associated problem can be arise with the problem. Though the first step is the most difficult step for any individual. How to interact, how to build rapport with them, how to make him free to speak up. When I first met with my client, it was confusing moment for me. As I tried to talk to him, when I says hey bhai, idhar aao, he looked at me and ran away from there and all the boys who were playing cricket there, laugh at me. After that whenever I tried to talk with him, he didn’t respond me appropriately as if he was fearing from me. He never looked at me properly but when I went to nearby park with some other boys of Tarun Sadan, I took him also and that trip was the ice-breaking between us. During the process of engagement I used several tools and techniq ue on various occasion. The basic tenant for any social worker is acceptance and listen to them, what they are saying. In this stage I used listening, interview and observation by using almost all the technique. Earlier the client was not talking to me but through these techniques, it create an environment there where he feel comfortable and then my interview take place. Though it was not a onetime interview, it was an ongoing process. There I observe some behaviour in the client and that is Being introvert Shy Not speaking to most of the boys Not doing the job properly Some little Memory of his family Strong determination to go to his family Individually tried to trace his family Bad memory of child welfare institution Not good perception on women But he was very humble when he became familiar with me He didn’t complain too much about anybody No girlfriend and not focused on that Says he will marry as their parents wish In second stage, it includes assessment, which aimed at finding answers to three major questions: what is the problem? How it has arisen? What can be done to solve it? The need of social assessment is that of making a conceptual picture of the problem, which will help in deciding the action plan. It is the need to understand the structure of the personality and factors influencing and obstructing personality development. In this stage I figured out various incidents impacted his believe system and a strong attachment to his memory of his family. He ran away from his home, from Pune and from Tarun Sadan. The factor leading to leave his home was just a flow with his friend but after that he realised that what he is missing and that familiar care and support, that attachment to his family. Though the time he left his home he was 8 years of the age and he has little memory of his home. Only he know is his village and some memory of the station where he catches the train from his home. B ut one thing is clear is that due to his inner urge to go to his family leads to various other situation where he is not loving his job, running away from Tarun Sadan and being shy is a product of that. Though he stays with three room mate who has family in his village and other has sister, so this repeated expression of the attachment to the family of his roommates also forced him to think about his family. Through during almost every process I used all the techniques that written above and regarding tools except home visit I used all. So the major problem I found in his situation is that Familiar memory Psychological support Lack of confidence Not believing on others Fear of unknown Hesitating to talk with other Third stage is planning in which worker should make the plan for proceeding the case that how they proceed and how they start. So, my planning was Counselling support Tracing his family Create an environment where he feels comfortable and doesn’t hesitate to talking with others More engage in jobs and recreation activity Try to search a better livelihood option for him Though in my case assessment, planning and implementation overlap many a times. In some cases what I understood about my clients some aspect of his behaviour earlier was changed after some incidence. I am just giving an example of him is that when I first though that it’s his laziness that why he is not wanting to go to job but with rigorous engagement and analysis of the situation it came that it was his obsession for his family that captured his mind so much that he doesn’t think beyond it. So earlier what I planned changed as I came up through new aspects. Fourth stage is Implementation or intervention in which there are the helping activities for the client known as intervention. This step has to blend with the plan of action following social assessment. There are many ways through client can be helped like assistance in terms of emotional and concrete support, material things like money, articles, medicines etc. non-material resources like information and knowledge, by bringing change in human and physical environment and through counselling to facilitate change in the feeling, thinking, knowing, speaking and doing behaviour of the client. In this stage I implements all the plan that I took, as tracing the family, counselling supports, better livelihood options etc. though in the Tarun Sadan there is facility of Counselling by a NGOs Disha Kendra. But he didn’t go to that session regularly and also he speak not too much there. In nutshell according to him â€Å"ye sab chutiappahai†. I took several session with group and individual on self-assessment and motivation. Whenever I interacted with him I tried to give some input of thinking in him and make him aware of many reality. I tried to trace his family, I discussed with my field work superintendent on this issue, how to trace his home though he has experience of tracing many boy’s family there. Still I didn’t able to trace his family, though several fact which are needed to correlate and understand the real fact is really a hard and time consuming job. Once again I blame the time but I know blame is not outside its inside me. Regarding the livelihood option I went through several processes of finding the jobs and contacting many agencies that provide job. Still I am in the process of implementation. Fifth stage is Evaluation in which we look at the result that we can achieve our goal or not? Till this stage I couldn’t reach. The implementation part was so long and the time that I spend on the case work was not too much for me to finish this case work. Though I used to evaluate myself on the fact that either I achieved the task that I took. Though in my case I evaluate my own approach and where I am going every day whenever I interacted with my clients. Though final evaluation didn’t taken place. DILEMMAS: As a social work student who has to discuss things about my client to supervisor had dilemma regarding the how can I ensure the confidentiality. RESISTENCE: There were lots of resistance which was actually improved through communication, rapport-building home-visits. Transference and counter transference was not observed.

Further option for chinas farmland reform(chinese translation included) :: essays research papers

Options for Further Reform in China's Farmland System from "Report of a pilot study on poverty, land abandonment and rural institutions", produced by the Department of International Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, in collaboration with the FAO Rural Development Division THE FUNDAMENTAL ISSUE in the setup of China's existing rural farmland system centres on ambiguity in the definition of land ownership rights. Despite stipulations in the Constitution and Land Management Law, specifying that rural land is owned by the collective, it is nevertheless unclear which of the "three levels of ownership'' in the collective -- People's Communes, production brigades and production groups - is referred to. Furthermore, even if it had designated the ownership to a certain level in the collective, the problem would again emerge from the lack of a clear scope of the collective and its membership. Added to this ambiguity in the ownership of land is the incompleteness of the principal land property right, as the State has the authority to dispose of the land, while the farmer occupies the rental income, resulting in a drain on land revenue and difficulties in land circulation. Ãâ€"à Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ºÃƒ Ãƒâ€" ´Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©ÃƒÅ'à ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃ‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ½Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€"à Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¼Ãƒ ¼ÃƒÅ½ÃƒÅ ÃƒÅ'à ¢Ãƒâ€ÃƒÅ¡Ãƒâ€œÃƒÅ¡Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¨Ãƒâ€™Ãƒ ¥Ãƒâ€°Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ²Ã‚ »ÃƒÆ'à ·ÃƒË†Ã‚ ·[Ä £Ãƒâ‚¬Ãƒ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€°] ¡Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ"à ÃƒÅ" ·Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹ÃƒÅ"Àà ­Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒÅ'à µÃ‚ ¿Ãƒ ®Ãƒâ€" ¸ÃƒÆ'à ·Ãƒ Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬ÃƒË†Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¸ÃƒË†Ãƒ ½Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¶Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ²Ãƒ £Ã‚ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ °ÃƒË†Ãƒâ€¹ÃƒÆ'à ±Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ «Ãƒâ€°Ãƒ §Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€°Ãƒ ºÃ‚ ²Ãƒ ºÃ‚ ´Ãƒ ³Ã‚ ¶Ãƒâ€œÃ‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€°Ãƒ ºÃ‚ ²Ãƒ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¶Ãƒâ€œÃ‚ ¡Ã‚ ±Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€" ¸Ã‚ ²Ã‚ ¢Ã‚ ²Ã‚ »ÃƒÆ'à ·ÃƒÅ½Ãƒ ºÃ‚ ¡Ã‚ £Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ Ãƒ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ´ÃƒÅ Ã‚ ¹Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¼Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¨Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ £Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ±Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€" ¸Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ µÃ‚ ½Ãƒ Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¶ÃƒÅ'Ø ¶Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ²Ãƒ £Ã‚ ´ÃƒÅ½  µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¼Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€œÃƒâ€°Ãƒâ€œÃƒÅ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ³Ãƒâ€°Ãƒâ€Ã‚ ±ÃƒË†Ã‚ ±Ãƒâ€°Ãƒâ„¢ÃƒÆ'à ·ÃƒË†Ã‚ ·Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ·Ã‚ ¶ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ §Ã‚ ½Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½ÃƒÅ ÃƒÅ'à ¢Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€¡Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¶Ãƒ Ãƒâ€" ¡Ã‚ £Ãƒâ€Ã‚ ­Ãƒâ€Ãƒ ²Ãƒâ€°Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ²Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ãƒ ªÃƒâ€¢Ãƒ »Ãƒ Ãƒâ€Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ ²Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€œÃƒâ€¡Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒâ€¢Ãƒ ¢Ãƒâ€"Ãâ€" ²Ã‚ »ÃƒÆ'à ·ÃƒË†Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ãƒâ€Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ±ÃƒË†ÃƒË†Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ºÃ‚ ¼Ãƒâ€™Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨Ãƒâ€" ªÃƒË†ÃƒÆ'à Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ µÃ‚ «ÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€¡Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©ÃƒÆ'à ±Ãƒâ€¢Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ã‚ »Ã‚ £Ã‚ ©Ãƒâ€"à ¢Ãƒâ€œÃƒÆ' µÃƒâ€žÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€¢ÃƒË†Ãƒ «Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ µÃ‚ ¼Ãƒâ€"Âà Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃƒâ€¹Ã‚ °ÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€¢Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃƒ Ãƒ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ‚¬Ã‚ §Ãƒâ€žÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ £ Therefore, it is necessary to review the whole process of changes in the farmland system and find the correct point of departure for reform. In fact, such issues as egalitarian occupation of land, scattered land management, instability in farmland contracts and lack of circulation or efficiency have all resulted from an ambiguous land ownership. Once the land owner is clearly defined and the principal property rights affirmed, then, the farmland's management, sale, leasing (including farmers' contracting of collective land and re-contracting of their contracted land), inheriting and disposal as gift -- all these and other matters of management and circulation would be easily resolved. Ã’Ã ²Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€¹Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ »ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒâ€¢Ãƒ »Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¶Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©ÃƒÅ'à ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃ‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ±Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ' ºÃƒ Ãƒâ€¢Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ µÃ‚ ½Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¶Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ¸Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ€¢Ãƒ ½ÃƒË†Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¶Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¢Ã‚ µÃƒ £ÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€¡Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ" ±ÃƒËœÃƒâ€™Ã‚ ªÃ‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¡Ã‚ £ÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€šÃƒÅ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€°Ãƒ Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¢Ãƒ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ©ÃƒÅ½ÃƒÅ ÃƒÅ'à ¢Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ±ÃƒË†ÃƒË†Ãƒ §Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¹Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€"Ã…Ã ¤Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€"É ¢Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹ÃƒÅ"Àà ­Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ²Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ Ãƒâ€Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒ Ãƒ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒâ€™Ãƒâ€Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ §Ãƒâ€žÃƒÅ" µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ²Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€"à £Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€¡Ãƒâ€œÃƒâ€°Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¶Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ £Ã‚ ºÃƒ ½Ã‚ ²Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ºÃƒâ€°Ãƒ ºÃ‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¡Ã‚ £Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ »Ã‚ µÃ‚ ©Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€¢ÃƒÅ¸ÃƒË†Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€ Ãƒ ¤Ãƒâ€Ã‚ ­Ãƒâ€Ãƒ ²Ãƒâ€°Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨  µÃƒÆ' µÃ‚ ½ÃƒË†Ã‚ ·ÃƒË†Ãƒ Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬ÃƒË†Ã‚ »Ã‚ ºÃƒ ³Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬ Ã…Â ©ÃƒÅ'à ¯Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¹ÃƒÅ"Àà ­Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃƒ ²Ãƒâ€šÃƒ ´Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€"à ¢Ãƒ ÃƒÅ¾Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¼Ãƒâ‚¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©ÃƒÆ'à ±Ãƒâ€¡Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¬ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ µÃƒÆ' ¼Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€¡Ã‚ ©[ÔÙÇ ©Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€" ªÃƒâ€¡Ã‚ ©]ÒÑ ¾Ã‚ ­Ãƒâ€¡Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ £Ã‚ ©Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€™Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ «Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¦Ãƒâ‚¬Ãƒ ­ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ªÃƒâ€Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ «ÃƒÅ½Ãƒ ¯ --- Ëà ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€¢Ãƒ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒâ€ Ãƒ ¤Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ »Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ"Àà ­Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒ Ãƒ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒâ€°Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒÅ½ÃƒÅ ÃƒÅ'à ¢Ã‚ ½Ã‚ «Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¡Ãƒâ€œÃ‚ ­ÃƒË†Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¸Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¢Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ £ Sticking to and perfecting collective ownership  ¼Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ³Ãƒâ€"à Ãƒ ªÃƒâ€°Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€"Æ As to the direction of future reform in China's rural farmland ownership, there have been controversial views from academic circles and the agricultural sector, both of whom have come forth with many different ideas. These include the nationalization of rural farmland, reform and improvement of the existing collective ownership of rural land, private ownership of farmland as well as a system of mixed ownership. Ãâ€"à Ãƒâ€œÃƒÅ¡Ãƒâ€"à Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ºÃƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©ÃƒÅ'à ¯Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ‚¬Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ¸Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ãƒ ²Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ‚¬Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€"ÔÑ §ÃƒÅ Ãƒ µÃ‚ ½Ãƒ §Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€¢Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€™Ãƒ ©Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¸Ãƒ ·Ãƒâ€"Ãâ€" ¼Ãƒ »Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¢Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ µÃ‚ ²Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¹Ãƒâ€ºÃ‚ µÃƒ £Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€¢ÃƒÅ¸Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¸Ãƒâ‚¬Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ·Ãƒâ€"Ô ²Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒ Ãƒ ­Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ  Ãƒâ€™Ãƒ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ »Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ £Ãƒâ€ Ãƒ ¤Ãƒâ€"à Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¼Ãƒâ‚¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¹Ãƒ ºÃƒâ€œÃƒ Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ¸Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¸Ãƒ Ãƒâ€" ´Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ ¼Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€"Æ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã‚ ½ÃƒË†Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©ÃƒÅ'à ¯Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€"Æ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€™Ãƒâ€Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€"Ãâ€" »Ãƒ ¬Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒâ€"ÆËà ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€"Æ µÃƒâ€žÃƒÅ'à ¥Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃ‚ ¡Ã‚ £ Based on the characteristics of China's rural land resources and its people-land relationship, the direction of reform in the country's rural land system should be the quest for a form of collective public ownership characterized by a new relationship in property rights (under the precondition of the collective public ownership of land) for the purpose of enhancing the clarity in the relationship of collective land property rights.

The Go Between and Spies

â€Å"THE MAIN CHARACTERS IN THE GO-BETWEEN AND SPIES ARE SOCIALLY OPRRESSED ARE SOCIALLY OPPRESSSED† How far do you agree with this statement? Social Oppression is a main theme explored throughout the two tragic novels, The Go-Between and Spies. Throughout the novels, L. P. Hartley and Michael Frayn successfully convey the idea, through the use of their main characters, the effects of social oppression and class divide. Using many techniques they show how class and oppression had power over the people of the Victorian era.And even after the turn of the century, People were still trapped in the shadows of the past era. Both novels are told as flashbacks taking us through the lives of two main protagonists. The climax of both novels lead to the death of two male characters due to oppression. This gives us the idea that men were under greater pressure from social oppression. Considering, Marian and Ted are caught together ‘two bodies moving like one' in the squalid outhous e but yet only Ted takes his life. Leo, being‘acutely aware of social inferiority’ swings to the extreme opposite as he aspires to be a member of the hall.Leo, ‘a foreigner in the world of emotions’, a character so imaginative and sensitive gets invited into the world of Brandham hall in the summer of 1900. With Marcus thinking he was like them from the sophisticated sound of his home ‘Court Place’. He sees himself as lower class and a mere mortal among gods and goddesses. He characterises the members of the hall as figures of the zodiac. Marian is the ‘virgin of the zodiac’ ‘pure and innocent'. To him she is ‘the key to the whole pattern, the climax, the coping-stone, the goddess'. He‘insisted on thinking of them as angels’ no matter what because they ‘belonged to the zodiac’.Leo, aware of the social difference, feels like a ‘misfit’ among ‘these smart rich people’. H e is determined to keep his class a secret even though Mrs Maudsley had ‘the ability to fix you like a pinned butterfly with her gaze’. He overlooks the authentic care of his own mother and comments that she would be ‘socially unacceptable ; she would make a bloomer’ and prepares ‘to bear the humiliation’ by himself. Leo being so young, had no knowledge of the events and situation around them. This lack of knowledge and naivety makes him lost in a sophisticated world of adults and he finds his way to destruction.Leo, with ‘the weather defying him’, after he learns from Marcus that ‘only cads wear their school clothes in the holidays'. He starts to think of clothes as badges of social status and takes an offer from Marian to ‘take him to Norwich tomorrow and get him a new outfit'. This makes more highly aware of his social inferiority as he has ‘only fifteen shillings and eight pence half penny’ as she adds ‘that doesn’t matter,’ ‘we’ve got some’. This opens way for Marian to take advantage of Leo’s malleability and he becomes ‘Mercury’ for Ted and Marian as he gets involved with the illicit love affair.Leo admits he’s a ‘super snob’ and this snobbish, naive and bigoted character failed to allow him realise the danger of his work until it’s rather too late and the harm is already done. He fails to realise what ‘spooning’ is due to his lack of knowledge he could only have the thought of ‘Ted Burgees as her spooning partner'. He gets a ‘green suit’ and a ‘green bike’ as Marian felt ‘green is his true colour ’and is called a ‘shylock’. After all these he still fails to realise he’s been mocked but rather still seeks for adventure thinking of himself as a ‘figure of fun'. The disastrous ending is caused by Leo's naivety a nd lack of knowledge.He fails to realise the trauma happening around him until it leads to the death of Ted after ‘the virgin and the water carrier’ are caught together ‘two bodies moving like one’. Unlike Leo, who Marcus his friend is nice too, Stephen suffers a worse oppression as he’s manipulated and pressured by his own friend his age Keith. Like Leo he feels like ‘a misfit everywhere’ as he comments that ‘he doesn't quite fit with the pigtailed Geest girls and the oil –stained Avery boys’, but he however still aspires to be part of the clan like Leo bus still acknowledges and accepts the fact that ‘he never will’.Unlike Leo, Stephen’s low class was known to everyone and he couldn’t even dare to keep it a secret. He was ‘the other ranks’ and unlike Leo, although he felt the class difference he was still ‘grateful to be so’. He went to a different school complete ly from Keith with uniforms ‘socially coded for ease of reference’. He lived in a ‘semi-detached' house attached to ‘the pinchers' making the whole situation ‘even more shameful'. While his friend Keith lived in a house with ‘white wicket gates' with a ‘neat red brick path that curves through rose beds'.He felt like he wasn’t even worthy of the Hayward’s as he says ‘The Hayward’s were impeccable and yet they tolerated him’ and Mrs Hayward’s ‘incomprehensible niceness’. Stephen like Leo, has the colour ‘green’ associated with them as Stephen admits ‘everything about me was plainly green'. Stephen didn’t dare to go against Keith’s orders as Keith ‘was the leader’ and he ‘was the led’. Stephen’s feeling of social inferiority to Keith allows Keith to dominate and intimidate Keith’s life as Stephen sees Keith as ‘t he first in a whole series of dominant figures whose disciple I became’.Stephen sees himself as the ‘undersized boy with the teapot ears following his powerful friend open mouthed and credulous’. Stephen is much more different from Leo as he doesn’t hide who he is and isn’t ashamed of who he is. Both boys however are associated with symbols. Stephen is associated with the ‘Privet’ as Leo is associated with ‘Mercury’. Both boys are completely unaware of sex and it’s this lack knowledge that makes Leo not realize what ‘spooning’ is and Stephen misinterprets the ‘X’s’ and ‘! ’ in Mrs Hayward’s diary. Both boys become messengers for illicit love affairs and don’t realise what they’re been used for.Being naive and snobbish like Leo, Keith fails to realize the relationship between Uncle Peter and Mrs Hayward. He doesn’t realize why a man will be in t he barns. This naivety prevents him from realising Mrs Hayward may have gone into the barns even as he says ‘there’s only one way to go and that’s left, if you go right it leads to the tracks’. He doesn’t think Mrs Hayward for one minute will go into the tracks. When they realize Mrs Hayward might have go into a house in the lanes, he says they couldn’t pursue their project ‘Germans we might be able to deal with, these people we certainly can’t’.He didn’t realise he was German and even detested the thought a German as it was during the war time and being German in Britain at that point would be a sign of betrayal and a huge deal. Both boys heavily affected by class, and sexual awakening lead them to events that affect them throughout their lives and see the need to reconcile their past with their future as Leo says ‘the facts of life were a mystery to me’. Their lack of knowledge can't be totally blamed on them but rather the times and conditions they lived in.They lived in a society where even girls could grow into women and not know where children were given birth to from or know what awaited them on their wedding night. Children were forbidden to know nor talk about Sex. They were not allowed to know a lot of things. It was like a society with an ‘adult world' and a children's one because knowledge in the society then, was a package combined with loss of innocence. Just like Stephen begins to know more and starts seeing the path ahead as ‘darker tunnels' and no longer ‘remote blue horizons'.However, this lack of knowledge leaves both boys lives in a complete shatter especially that of Leo. The Climax of the novel, leaves Leo ‘like a train going through a series of tunnels; sometimes in the dark not knowing'. He lives with himself thinking he was responsible for the death of Ted Burgees as he comments that ‘the tidings of Ted's suicide came to me vo icelessly as ‘he haunted' him. He lives thinking ‘in destroying the belladonna' he ‘had also destroyed Ted' and ‘perhaps destroyed himself'. He was left a lonely man ‘sitting alone' in a ‘drab flowerless room'.While Stefan was left with a marriage ‘that was never quite a real marriage'. With ‘worse troubles than anyone's ever had before'. He thinks he was responsible for the death of Uncle peter as he struggles to figure out where he belonged. Hartley used the social structure of his main protagonist Leo, who admits that he had ‘destroyed Ted’ as a vehicle for expressing the power of the class structure over the society's actions with Ted serving as the scape goat shooting himself after the findings of Mrs Maudsley in the outhouses to avoid the societal disgrace and spare Marian the embarrassment.Ted was oppressed by his lack of social status as Denys doesn’t fail to say ‘we don’t know him socially of c ourse’ and his lack of money as he rents his land from Lord Trimingham. Hartley makes reference to the class range in the society using the complex sub-textual elements of the interaction between the main characters especially with he relationship between Marian Maudsley and Ted Burges . Marian states that ‘Ted and I were lovers’ their ‘love was a beautiful thing’ but yet they couldn’t be together due to the distinction in their social class and her expectations to marry an aristocrat.The villagers admire them and feel ‘if it wasn’t for the difference what a handsome pair they’ll make’. Ted Burgees isn’t ashamed to tell anyone about his low class as he admits to Leo ‘I’m a kind friend of hers’ but doesn’t hesitate to say ‘but not the sort she goes about with’. However, he feels insecure about it and looks at ‘himself critically all over’ and even Leo notices that ‘the more clothes he put on, the less he looked himself’. Ted seemed to have been a comfortable man before any illicit love affair with Marian as the villagers see his change as a sudden one and ask ‘what’s come over Ted? To be shy with ladies’? This implies he was a lady’s man and was content with his farm life as he admits ‘I’m not what you call a gentle-man farmer’. Trimingham, on the other hand, was ‘a Lord’ whose clothes, unlike Ted's, ‘seem to be a part of him’. He’s an aristocrat and a gentle-man who teaches Leo ‘nothing is ever a lady’s fault’. Unlike Ted, he had ‘an ambiguous social position’ as he was penniless yet his aristocracy strengthened his social status and was seen as an ‘emblem of the golden age’.Trimingham however, despite all these odds, was oppressed by his lack of money and the defects of his face from the ‘Boe r war’. He was ‘dreadfully ugly’ and we learn from Marcus that ‘he doesn’t like you to feel sorry for him’. Hartley contrasts his hideous ‘sick shaped scar that ran from his eye to the corner of his mouth’ with the image of war making him ‘a hero with a background of the hospital and battlefield’. Trimingham is the gentle, chivalrous representative of a dying tradition, bearing the scars of an ‘impersonal’ war.A complex symbol, he is ‘two-sided, like Janus’, like the war, conflict and suffering for which in some ways he stands—entities which can be evil, the result of passion and pride and ‘the fear of losing face’, but which can also be good, the nurturer of strength, humility, self-discipline, compassion, the gaiety having the ‘background of hospital and battle-field’. Hugh is two-sided like the traditions of the British nobility, like the blind-in-one-eye c hivalry which insists that nothing can ever be a lady’s fault, like the patriotism which sends soldiers off to kill the Boer, who’s ‘not a bad feller’ but who happens to be the present target.When Leo first sees Trimingham he immediately concludes it’ll be ‘impossible to like him’ and so doesn’t expect Marian to marry him after he learns from Marcus that ‘Mama wants Marian to marry him’. His lack of money makes him still go forward to marry Marian even after ‘the virgin and the water-carrier are caught together, ‘two bodies moving like one’. Marian still becomes ‘Lady Trimingham’. He was so deeply oppressed that even Leo comments that ‘His life could never have been a good life'.He was a respectable man from a family of aristocracy, yet had no money pushing him to still marry a woman who had become a figure of shame to get himself some money. Also because of his strong belief tha t ‘nothing was ever a ladys fault' Uncle Peter on the other hand, ‘who’s very absence, was a kind of presence’ was a man with no status in the society living beyond the edges of civilisation but his presence lied in ‘the glory of Uncle Peter’ a RAF pilot meant to be flying bombing missions over Germany.War plays a role in both novels as Frayn and Hartley use Uncle Peter and Trimingham to further show the effects of war on societal men. In Uncle Peter’s case however, it led to his destruction and the end of his life. It was his major source of oppression as he now had to live in the lowest of the lowest, the Barns. Unlike Trimingham who’s still fully idolised and idealised even much more after the war, we can’t say the same about Uncle Peter.Indeed he was idolised and his iconic status still remains with Auntie Dee, as Stephen tells us the untidiness of their house ‘glowed with a kind of sacred light, like a saint and his attributes in a religious painting’. This image is a different man from the man in the barns who is now ‘that low in the table of human precedence’. This painting is nothing close to that of war hero. As the narrator unveils the mystery we find out he has betrayed his country, deserted his duties under the claim ‘you’re up there in the darkness five hundred miles away from home and suddenly the darkness is in you as well’.The man at the Barns and Uncle Peter are two different beings. One is a desperate, sick broken, deserted individual and the other whose eagle on his hat ‘spreading its gilt wings protectively’ over the children of the Close. Should Uncle Peter have tried to rejoin the society, he would have brought shame and disgrace upon his family as Uncle Peter's iconic status was what reflected on Auntie Dee as even their untidy house ‘glowed with a kind of scared light, like a saint and his attributes in a religiou s painting'. He is oppressed by the war effects and love as Trimingham and Ted.In his own case, he has married the wrong sister and at the same time gone from being a hero, to a man ‘that low in the table of human precedence’. He has nothing to offer the woman he loves like Ted who has nothing to offer Marian other than love. He has but a map with the one word ‘Forever’. He lives with images of the war fully fresh in his head saying ‘you can't think, you can't move, Everything's drowned by this great scream of terror in the darkness' as he struggles to close his mind to the memory by using second person, refusing to acknowledge them as his own experience.Like Leo is traumatised by the death of Ted, as he claims ‘the tidings of Ted’s suicide came to me voicelessly’, and ‘haunted me’, Uncle Peter lives with the trauma of the war and describes it as ‘blood-red velvet in the crown above the eagle’. He describe s his plight and says it ‘gets a bit leak, lying here and likens himself to a ‘dicky engine’. Uncle Peter deeply oppressed by the war, explains his plight to Stephen saying ‘you start playing some game, and you’re the brave one, you’re the great hero,‘But the games goes on and on, and it gets more and frightening’ and unfortunately for Uncle Peter the end result is death.His death remains ambiguous as we can’t ascertain if he killed himself like Ted, or if he was killed or perhaps had an accident. Marian Maudsley a beautiful ‘godess' from Brandham hall an upper middle classed family in late-Victorian England with her ‘hair bright with sunshine' and ‘pale rose-pink' face. She has so many social expectations from both her family and the society. Best of all she's expected to make a ‘good marriage'. It was like she was ‘the climax, the key to the whole pattern'. She was in the middle of a cross bat tle with her emotions.Torn between the man she ‘must marry' to give her and her family the aristocracy they desire and the man who she shared a ‘ beautiful thing' and believed ‘were made for each other'. Marian was tough like her mother as they were ‘like two steel threads crossing each other', but ‘her face reflected all the misery she had been going through'. She was oppressed by her social class and expectations, her Love for Ted and like her mother, she's expected to be a good hostess, moral, and keep her emotions and family under control by marrying Trimingham.However, Marian is a very deceptive character as she lies to her mother on her seeing someone in Norwich as she hurriedly said ‘Not a cat; we were hard at it all the time'. She also thinks she can marry Trimingham and carry on with her affair with Ted. Being the ‘virgin of the zodiac', associated with the ‘Attropa Belladonna'. She was a beautiful creature yet poisonous. So w as the Attropa Belladonna as leo says ‘ I knew that every part of it was poisonous, but I knew that it was beautiful'. Marian was a cruel and heartless character to an extent.She was a ‘snob' as Leo towards Trimingham on several occasions. She knew fully well there was no future for her and Ted and is fully aware she must marry Trimingham. She says to Leo ‘I cant' when Leo asks her why she cant marry Ted and admits to him that She ‘must marry' Trimingham. She's a selfish character, as Ted has scarified all he has for her, he rents his farm from Trimingham and knows he can loose it and is willing to take that risk. She however, takes no serios risk as she has her eyes set on aristocracy.She lures him into deceit which leaves the young man dead and she ends up as ‘Lady Trimingham'. She uses Leo as ‘the Go-Between' between her and Ted and still calls the young boy names like ‘shylock', she tells her brother Marcus that green is a suitable color for Leo. She takes advantage of the love Trimingham has for her as she threatens that she ‘wont marry him if Ted goes' and is willing to go as far as saying that ‘Blackmail's a game two can play at'. Marian sees Ted's suicide as weakness and tells Leo ‘Ted is as weak as water'.Marian is sometimes nice to Leo, ut however, all her niceness towards him always had a motive behind it. She takes him to Norwich so she can get the chance to see Ted, she buys him a bicycle to make the message delivery faster between her and Ted. However, it could be argued that it was all out of frustration. Her eyes showed that ‘she couldn't trust herself to speak', and had ‘a hard bed' to lay on. Marian Maudsley was ‘the climax' of the whole story. She was responsible for Ted's death and the calamity that befell Leo. She was still selfish even at old age not to admit to her faults.She continued to live in her self-deception and somehow made herself believe she was still a popular important figure in the hall telling Leo ‘People come in shoals; I almost have to turn them from the door; Everyone knows about me'. Her grandson is left to suffer the consequences of her actions. Michael Frayn uses imagery, metaphor, and irony to present Mrs. Hayward in different ways. Through these techniques, Frayn dramatically and beautifully contrasts Mrs. Hayward's calm, composed manner at the start of the novel with her serious, emotionally distraught side. Mrs.Hayward who is introduced with the six letters ‘My mother is a German Spy', a character of ‘grace and serenity' always cheerful. She's presented as an elegant and respectable character like Mrs. Maudsley and Marian who are under pressure but cant show it. She was almost a perfect being to the extent that even her chickens ‘lived irreproachably elegant lives, parading haughtily about a spacious kingdom'. However, Mrs. Hayward was oppressed by her social expectations to always keep a hi gh chin and her house in order and It becomes part of her ‘to conceal her true nature' . Also by her husband Mr.Hayward whose character is a bully inflicting pain on his wife that even ‘in the heat of summer' she still wears a ‘cravat pinned high around her neck'. It can be argued she did this to hide the bruises inflicted on her by her violent husband' Mrs. Hayward cant leave her marriage because once she got married to mr. Hayward, being in that period, all her rights , properties and even her identity ceased to exist. By law she was under the complete and total supervision of her husband. Mr. Hayward carefully watches is wife and this is why she has to send Stephen to carry a message to Uncle Peter.A woman was ‘Barred by law and custom from entering trades and professions by which they could support themselves, and restricted in the possession of property, woman had only one means of livelihood, that of marriage'. She keeps a diary with ‘X's and â₠¬Ëœ! ‘s' representing her period and sex life. We know she has a distant relationship with her husband, and seems vaguely scared of him, so who she's having sex with is untold. Later on, we see she has ‘Uncle Peter in her bosom' perhaps the ‘X's' indicated his reciprocated love. Like Marian, she cant be with the man she loves.

Learn to Conjugate the Most-Used German Verbs